CRS164 Assignment Project Report
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- 1. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS) PROJECT MANAGEMENT (MGT 60704) GROUP ASSIGNMENT GROUP MEMBERS: NO. NAME STUDENT ID 1 Chan Yi Fung 0323057 2 Darren Tan Quan Wen 0322662 3 Ee Hui Teng 0322548 4 Leong Li Jing 0323628 5 Loh Mun Tong 0323680 6 Pui Chun Shian 0323470 7 Soo Yon Li 0322821 8 Wong Jia Jing 0327221 9 Yeong Poh Ling 0323590 SEMESTER: SEMESTER 6 (MARCH 2019) LECTURER: MR. LEONG BOON TIK SUBMISSION DATE: 12th JUNE 2019
- 2. TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Project Background (Ee Hui Teng) 1.1 About Taylor’s 1 1.2 Proposed Project 2 1.3 Project Benefit 3 1.4 Company Profile 6 2.0 Project Propose Design (Loh Mun Tong) 2.1 Carpark 7 2.2 Retails 9 2.3 Supermarket 10 3.0 Project Time Management (Chan Yi Fung & Loh Mun Tong) 3.1 Introduction 11 3.2 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 12 3.3 Critical Path Method (CPM) 14 3.3.1 Simplified Critical Path of Proposed Project 17 4.0 Project Cost Estimation (Wong Jia Jing & Chan Yi Fung) 4.1 Introduction 19 4.2 Data used for project cost estimate 20 4.2.1 Construction Cost 4.2.2 Development Cost 4.3 Gross Development Cost 21 4.3.1 Construction Cost 4.3.2 Development Cost 4.4 Operation and Maintenance Cost 22
- 3. 4.4.1 Operation and Maintenance Cost due to Inflation Rate 4.5 Potential Profit 23 4.5.1 Estimated income 24 4.5.2 Total Estimated Income due to Inflation Rate 24 4.5.3 Net Profit Value 25 4.6 Net Profit over 20 years duration 25 4.7 Payback Period 26 5.0 Project Quality Management (Pui Chun Shian & Yeong Poh Ling) 5.1 Introduction 27 5.2 Recommendations 27 5.2.1 QLASSIC 28 5.2.2 Project Quality Planning 30 5.2.3 Video Documentations 32 6.0 Project Risk Management (Darren Tan & Soo Yon Li) 6.1 Introduction to Risk 33 6.2 Identification of Risks 34 6.2.1 External Risks 34 6.2.1.1 Political 34 6.2.1.2 Economic 35 6.2.1.3 Social 36 6.2.1.4 Technological 37 6.2.1.5 Environmental 37 6.2.1.6 Legal 39 6.2.2 Internal Risks 39 6.2.2.1 Pre-Construction 40 6.2.2.2 Construction 41 6.2.2.3 Post-Construction 42
- 4. 6.3 Analysis of Risk 43 6.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 43 6.3.2 Quantitative Analysis 44 6.3.3 Risk Matrix 44 6.4 Responding to Risks 45 6.4.1 General Approaches for risk response 49 6.5 Monitoring Risks 50 7.0 Project Procurement Management (Leong Li Jing) 7.1 Introduction 51 7.2 Project Procurement Management Process 51 7.3 Procurement Method 56 7.4 Tendering Method 57 8.0 Project Summary 59 9.0 Reference 60
- 5. 1 1.0 Project Background 1.1 About Taylor’s Taylor’s University was first founded in 1969 as a college in Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It was later awarded the status of university college in 2006 and university in 2010. Taylor’s University is located at No. 1 Jalan Taylor’s, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Taylor’s University Lakeside campus was constructed in 2007 and completed in 2010 to accommodate its increasing number of students. The entire campus is 27 acres big. It consists of a total of 5 education blocks and 1 commercial block. A 5.5 acres man-made lake is situated right in the center of the campus surrounded by its buildings. The current campus is well equipped with various facilities such as: 1. Academic Facilities - Lecture Theatres - Library - Anatomy Laboratory - Design Studios - Experimental Theatre - Audio Recording Studio - Audio Editing Laboratory - Restaurants - Wine Lab - Engineering Laboratory - Computer Labs - Moot Court 2. Services Facilities - Career Services Centre - Counselling and Psychological Services Centre - The Grand Hall - Sick Bay
- 6. 2 - Sports and Recreation Centre - Student Life Centre - Uni-Gym 3. Accommodation - U-Residence 1.2 Proposed Project Taylor’s University is situated at No. 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor. The proposed site is located in Taylor’s University right beside the commercial block as shown above. The site has a total area of 1,181.45m2 (12,716.99sqft) and a perimeter of 141.50m (464.22ft).
- 7. 3 1.3 Project Benefits The proposed site is located strategically at a well-developed area where there are various types of existing amenities nearby such as: 1. Sunway Pyramid 2.Sunway Medical Centre
- 8. 4 3.Sunway Lagoon 4.Sunway Geo
- 9. 5 5.PJS 7 Other than that, the population of Subang Jaya had been increasing gradually since 2014 according to United Nation Statistic Data. According to statistics, the population of Subang Jaya had increased from 189,535 in 2014 to 205,000 in 2017. Furthermore, there are several residential area close to the proposed site namely U-Residence, PJS 7, DK Senza and D’Latour. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for commercial developments in the area. Moreover, there is also an increasing number of students in Taylor’s University especially after the merge of Taylor’s College and University. This causes the current parking facilities available insufficient to cater for the ever expanding population in the campus. Hence, there is an effective demand for parking spaces in the proposed area.
- 10. 6 1.4Company Profile TK Builders was first founded in 1980s as a contractor firm in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Throughout the years, it had become one of the most well-known company specialised in delivering turnkey projects in Malaysia. TK Builders are passionate about construction and strive to build for a better future. TK Builders was involved in a great variety of projects such as residential, commercial, industrial, infrastructure and mixed developments. It is well-rounded with different expertise for construction of various developments to provide the optimal service to the client. It ensures that its clients are confident and has full trust in it to deliver the development.
- 11. 7 2.0 Project Proposed Design Figure 2.1: Elevation View of Building Design Concept Figure 2.1 shows the elevation view of the proposed design building. The proposed building is allocated next to Syopz mall which is convenient for Taylor’s student to reach the shops, carpark and campus within walking distance. The building consists of supermarket, retails and carpark. 2.1 Carpark Figure 2.2: Elevation View of Concept Carpark The carpark is 5 storeys high where it includes 3 floors of half-sized carpark and 2 floors of full-sized carpark. The proposed carpark can accommodate 105 cars in total.
- 12. 8 Figures 2.3: Concept Plan View of Full-Sized Carpark The approximate plan area of full-sized carpark is 1180 m². Each floor of full-sized carpark can accommodate 30 cars; thus, 2 floors of full-sized carpark can contain 60 cars in total. Figure 2.4: Concept Plan View of Half-Sized Carpark The approximate plan area of half-sized carpark is 590 m². Each floor of half-sized carpark can accommodate 15 cars; thus, 3 floors of half-sized carpark can contain 45 cars in total.
- 13. 9 2.2 Retails Figure 2.5: Concept Plan View of Retails The approximate plan area of retail for each floor is 590 m². There are two types of shops namely type A and type B. The average size of type A shop is 50 m² while the average size of type B is 100 m². Each floor can accommodate an approximate of 5 shops in total including circulation area such as staircase and toilet.
- 14. 10 2.3 Supermarket Figure 2.6: Jaya Grocer Supermarket Supermarket is located at the ground floor of the proposed building. Supermarket offer Taylor’s students a one-stop shopping experience. The idea of supermarket is to provide the consumers with quality household food products and goods for their everyday needs such as appliances and groceries under one roof. The proposed supermarket includes the “Grocerant” experience, a concept of blending restaurant experience with the grocery experience. The consumers can enjoy dining at the store and getting their groceries at the same time. An example of the supermarket include Jaya Grocer.
- 15. 11 3.0 Project Time Management 3.1 Introduction According to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), project time management is defined as the processes needed to organize a timely completion of the project. The process of project time management involves define activities, sequence activities, estimate activity resources and activity durations, develop schedule and control schedule. Define activities is undertaken to identify the specific actions to be carried out to generate the project deliverables. On the other hand, sequence activities are undertaken to determine the document the relationships among the project activities. The types and quantities of material, people, equipment, and supplies needed to perform each activity is estimated under the process of estimate activity resources. In addition, the approximate numbers of work periods required to complete individual activities with the estimated resources are evaluated under the process of estimate activity durations. The project schedule is developed by analyzing the activity sequences, durations, resource requirements and schedule constraints. The process of monitoring the status of the project to update project progress and managing changes to the schedule baseline is undertaken to control schedule. In this project, the project deliverables and the project work are subdivided through the creation of Work Breakdown Structure which organizes and defines the total scope of the project. In addition, a simple critical path of the proposed project is developed to estimate the minimum project duration on the logical network paths within the schedule model.
- 16. 12 3.2 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Work breakdown structure is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the team. This way of describing the work able to help the team achieve better understanding in what work is needed to be done in order to meet the goals of the project. The element which consist in the work breakdown structure must consistent with cost and human resource, the integration between schedule, cost, and responsibilities can be achieved. Work breakdown structure is the process of subdividing project into smaller and more manageable components. Simply put the work breakdown structure technique divides projects into smaller more manageable chunks that can be more easily estimated and controlled. It gives a black and white version of the work effort needed and almost as important if the work is not in the work breakdown structure it is not a part of the project. The work should be decomposed until it is clear to teams performing the work. This provides a clear line of sight between the work and the goals for the project. The work breakdown structure technique can be defined as the necessary to decide what all should and should not be covered with in the project. When complete, the work breakdown structure lowest level components called "work packages" can be delegated to teams for further development and estimating and a work breakdown structure dictionary can be developed. In this way, project responsibilities can easily be distributed and committed to. This information can then be placed into a scheduling tool. In addition, the work packages can be used to create a project baseline that assures all the work can be evaluated for completeness. The steps of decomposition of the total project work into work packages
- 18. 14 3.3 Critical Path Method (CPM) The critical path method (CPM) measures the theoretical early start and finish dates for all activities in the project by performing a forward and backward pass analysis through the schedule network. The resulting early and late start as well as finish state the time periods for the activity scheduling, activity durations and other known constraints. The critical path method is commonly adopted in the construction industry for better scheduling, monitoring and controlling the project by grouping all the inter-related activities which must be completed before the completion of the project to provide a disciplined basis for planning, a clearer picture of the scope of a project and to prevent the omission of activities that naturally belong to the project. The application of critical path method requires to construct a model of the project which includes the following: ● A list of all needed activities to be carried out to complete the project or also known as the Work Breakdown Structure ● The time taken for each activity for completion ● The reliance between the activities Figure 3.1: Key Steps in Critical Path Method
- 19. 15 Figure 3.1 shows the key steps to be taken in critical path method. The first step is to identify the main deliverables of a project by using the work breakdown structure. The activities can be further break down into smaller chunks of work. The second step is to determine the reliance of each activity. Some activities will depend on the completion of others where it involves considering which task should be taken in prior to the others. Hence, listing the immediate predecessors of each activity helps to identify the correct order of the activities. After identifying the activities and their dependencies, the sequence of the activities can be express through the means of logic diagram or commonly referred as “Activity-on-Node” (AON) diagrams. In a logic diagram, “nodes” represent each activity with arrows indicating the relationships between these activities. The relationship schedule is known as the “Finish-to-Start” relationship where the preceding activity must be completed before the succeeding activity can start. Once the activities are arranged in logical order and relationships are set, the estimated project duration can be determined through the forward pass and backward pass technique by using the activity node format. Forward pass is a technique to move forward through the logic diagram to determine the project duration and critical path of the project. In forward pass, the Early Start and Early Finish values for each activity along with the overall Project Duration are calculated. In contrast, backward pass calculates the Late Start and Late Finish values of the project. Early Start (ES) depicts the earliest start of an activity while Late Start (LS) is the latest date that the activity can be completed without causing delay to the project completion date.
- 20. 16 Figure 3.2: Activity Node Format Early Start (ES) is plotted on the first left corner box at the top and Early Finish (EF) is plotted on top right corner box while Late Start (LS) is plotted on the left bottom corner box and Late Finish (LF) is on the right corner box at the bottom. The activity duration is started under the activity description at the middle. The string of critical activities will be identified after the values are calculated. The continuous string of critical activities is known as the Critical Path. The summation of the critical activity duration is equivalent to the overall project duration.
- 21. 17 3.3.1 Simplified Critical Path of Proposed Project Table 3.1: Summary of Project Activities, Predecessor and Duration Figure 3.3: Activity-On-Node (AON) Diagram Table 3.1 shows the identified summary of project activities followed by predecessor and the duration to carry out the activities. An activity-on-node diagram is developed as shown in figure 3.3. Figure 3.4: Activity Node Format used for Proposed Project
- 22. 18 Figure 3.5: Simplified Critical Path of Proposed Project A simplified critical path of the proposed project is created as depicted in figure 3.5 in the form of activity node format as shown in figure 3.4. According to figure 3.5, the simplified critical path of the proposed project is A -> B -> C -> D -> G -> H -> I -> J and the critical duration is 890 days (2.4 years).
- 23. 19 4.0 Project Cost Estimation 4.1 Introduction As define by Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), cost estimation is the iterative process of developing an approximation of the monetary resources needed to complete project activities. Project cost estimating plays significant role by acting as a primary element in a project which might affect the project design, planning, monetary cost control and monitoring. An initial cost estimate can determine whether an organization greenlights a project, and if the project moves forward, the estimate can be a factor in defining the project’s scope. The cost that is associated with this proposed project include both the initial capital cost and the subsequent operation and maintenance cost. It is client’s desire to achieve the lowest possible net project cost, which mean to say the investment cost and how to recover such cost. In order to produce an accurate cost estimation for this propose project, construction cost handbook, which is the ARCARDIS Handbook 2019 has been used to obtained the relevant cost data which are up to date. The relevant construction cost fit for this proposed project includes the elevated carpark and shopping centres. Development cost which comprises of administration fees, professional fees, legal fees, planning fees and contingencies are based on percentage of the total construction cost.
- 24. 20 4.2 Data used for project cost estimation 4.2.1 Construction Cost i. Shopping Centres RM 3,507.50/m2 ii. Elevated Carpark (less than 4 levels) RM 1,180.00 4.2.2 Development Cost i. Administration Fees : 2% of construction cost ii. Professional Fees : 10% of construction cost iii. Legal Fees : 2% of construction cost iv. Planning Fees : 2% of construction cost v. Contingencies : 5% of construction cost
- 25. 21 4.3 Gross Development Cost 4.3.1 Construction Cost Building Part Build-up Area (m2) Rate (RM/m2) Construction Cost Carpark 2360 3,507.50 8,277,700.00 Hypermarket and Shop-lots 4130 1,180.00 4,873,400.00 Total Construction Cost 13,151,100.00 Table 4.1 Construction Cost 4.3.2 Development Cost Percentage Allowance (%) Construction Cost (RM) Development Cost (RM) Administration Fees 2% 13,151,100.00 263,022.00 Professional Fees 10% 1,315,110.00 Legal Fees 2% 263,022.00 Planning Fees 2% 263,022.00 Contingency 5% 657,555.00 Total Development Cost 2,761,731.00 Table 4.2 Development Cost Gross Development Cost (GDC) = Construction Cost + Development Cost = RM 13,151,100.00 + RM 2,761,731.00 = RM 15,912,831.00
- 26. 22 4.4 Operation Cost and Maintenance Cost The client is required to rent the land for RM 15,000.00 per month for a period of 20 years and would complete the whole development of this propose project under the client’s expenses, it is assume that the client should bear the whole operation and maintenance cost for 20 years without any contribution by Taylor’s University. Besides, inflation rate were also needed to be taken into consideration. It is assume that the monthly expenses should be subjected to a 5% increase every 6 years. Element Cost (RM/month) Annual Operation Cost (RM) Land Rental 15,000.00 180,000.00 Maintenance Cost 20,000.00 240,000.00 Electricity and Water Expenses 50,000.00 600,000.00 Total Annual Operation Cost 1,020,000.00 Table 4.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost 4.4.1 Total Operation Cost and Maintenance Cost due to Inflation Rate Inflation Rate (%) Annual Cost (RM) Total Operation Cost (RM) Year 1-2 Planning and Construction stage 12,000.00 24,000.00 Year 3-8 1st maintenance cost 1,020,000.00 6,120,000.00 Year 9-14 5% 1,071,000.00 6,426,000.00 Year 15-20 5% 1,124,550.00 6,747,300.00 Total Operation Cost 19,317,300.00 Table 4.4 Total Operation and Maintenance Cost subjected to inflation rate Total Estimated Project Cost = Gross Development Cost + Operation and Maintenance Cost = RM 15,912,831.00 + RM 19,317,300.00 = RM 35,230,131.00
- 27. 23 4.5 Potential Profit The source of potential profit for this propose development over the period of 20 years comes mainly from the rental of hypermarket at Ground Level and shop-lots at Level 1 and Level 2. Besides, potential profit also includes parking fares which consist of reserve parking at Level 1 and Level 2, season parking at Level 3 and Level 4 as well as visitor parking at Level 5 with different rates respectively. Rental rate of hypermarket and shop-lots as well as parking fare are shown in the Table 4.5 and Table 4.6 respectively Size (sqf) Rental (RM/sqf) Hypermarket (Ground Level) 12701.52 10.00 Shop-lots (Level 1) Type A Type B 1076.40 538.20 9.00 11.00 Shop-lots (Level 2) Type A Type B 1076.40 538.20 10.00 12.00 Table 4.5 Rental rate Type of Parking No. of Parking Lots Fare (RM/month) Fare (RM/entry) Reserve Parking 30 220.00 - Season Parking 45 120.00 - Visitor Parking 30 - 5.00 Table 4.6 Parking fare
- 28. 24 4.5.1 Estimates Income Base on the rental rates and parking fare as shown in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2, estimated monthly income, annual income and total income of the propose development for duration of 20 years were calculated as shown in Table 4.7 and Table 4.8. Monthly Income (RM/month) Annual Income (RM/year) Hypermarket 127,015.20 1,524,182.40 Shop-lots 86,112.00 1,033,344.00 Parking 12,300.00 147,600.00 Total Annual Income 2,705,126.40 Table 4.7 Estimated Annual Income 4.5.2 Total Estimated Income due to Inflation Rate Inflation Rate (%) Annual income (RM) Total Income (RM) Year 1-2 Planning and Construction stage Year 3-8 - 2,705,126.40 16,230,758.40 Year 9-14 5% 2,840,382.72 17,042,296.32 Year 15-20 5% 2,982,401.86 17,894,411.14 Total Income 51,167,465.86 Table 4.8 Total Estimated Total Income due to inflation rate
- 29. 25 4.5.3 Net Present Value Net Present Value for this propose development is RM 4,154,696.32 as shown in Table 4.5 below. The reason why NPV was calculated is to determine whether this propose project will benefit the client. By having a positive NPV at a PV factor of 5%, it shows that this propose project is acceptable and can be proceed. Table 4.9 Net Present Value 4.6 Net Profit over 20 years period Based on the Gross Development Cost, Operation and Maintenance Cost and Estimated Income calculated in the previous section, Net Profit = Total Income – (Gross Development Cost + Operation & Maintenance Cost) = RM 51,167,465.86 – (RM 13,151,100.00 + RM 10,856,039.57) = RM 15,937,334.86
- 30. 26 4.7 Payback Period Gross Development Cost RM 15,912,831.00 Average Annual Cash Flow RM 1,592,508.29 Payback Period 10 Years The estimated payback period for this proposed development would be 10 years.
- 31. 27 5.0 Project Quality Management 5.1 Introduction Project Quality Management is an important aspect that is essential to be undertaken for a project to achieve the clients and users’ needs, desires and expectations. It is important for the project team to develop a good relationship with the clients and stakeholders, especially those of higher investment in order to understand their definition of quality. As a commercial building that comprises of parking lots, supermarkets and shop lots, a considerable amount of attention on construction quality has to be given to fulfill the standard of building quality, performance, durability and reliability which can be accomplished with a properly-planned project quality management. Quality has to be perceived equality in relation to scope, schedule and budget. A product of high quality needs efficient quality management techniques and should not only satisfy consumers’ needs but exceeds them. Having higher quality needs to be focused on rather than emphasizing on quantity to ensure the survivability of the development. Hence, this section highlights on the types of quality management used throughout the project cycle. 5.2 Recommendations For this project, there are a few project quality management techniques that are recommended to achieve the high quality of building works as well as achieving clients and users satisfaction level in terms of their needs, desires and expectations.
- 32. 28 5.2.1 QLASSIC QLASSIC, also known as Quality Assessment System in Construction, was introduced by Construction Industry Board Development (CIDB) Malaysia on 2007. Singapore has a similar system which is called Construction Quality Assessment System (CONQUAS) and because of its successful and effective implementation, CIDB developed their own CONQUAS with several changes and hence the name QLASSIC. QLASSIC is one of the recognized tools to ensure where it lay out the requirements for various construction elements in building such as architectural, mechanical, electrical and external works. The quality of workmanship and finishes will be accessed in accordance to the specification of Construction Industry Standard (CIS) where points will be allocated to those that complies to the standards. These points were then totaled up to obtained the QLASSIC Score (%) where it is advisable to a building project to score 70% and above. However, the assessment excludes works such as piling, foundation and substructure works, which are heavily equipment-based and called under separate contracts or subcontracts. The objective of QLASSIC was designed and established to enable the following objectives: a) to benchmark the level of quality of the construction industry in Malaysia b) to have a standard quality assessment system for quality of workmanship of building projects c) to assess quality of workmanship of a building project based on CIS 7 standard d) to evaluate the performance of contractors based on quality of workmanship e) to compile data for statistical analysis The adoption of QLASSIC, where the minimum requirement of building construction project has to achieve a score of 70%, has to be incorporated in the tender documents and contract documents before the project is awarded to a tenderer. With that, it ensures the awarded contractor to conduct the work in accordance to the requirements. The contractor’s company details and any other relevant details must be provided together to assure that the contractor is competent enough to provide the quality standard. Apart from that, the contractor will also have to ensure that the
- 33. 29 work carried out are in terms of the quality standard set out since an assessment will be conducted on the first inspection of work. By providing a benchmark for quality of work, the contractor will also construct the building in accordance to the criteria laid out for each building element within the scoring system. For example, tiling works will be accessed by an accessor on site based on visual appearances. When implementing QLASSIC, the building is accessed mainly on the standards of workmanships that can be accomplished with site inspection and field testing. The score will be calculated on the construction works that are inspected for the first time where the contractor’s modification after the assessment will not be rescored. The purpose of this practice is to encourage contractors to “Do things right the first time and every time”. Throughout the construction stage, the assessment of site inspection is conducted for the structural and M&E works and after building completion, the assessment is carried for architectural, M&E fittings and external works. As for the field testing assessment, materials and functional performance of selected building services and installations are tested on to help determine if the quality of building workmanship is in accordance to the standard as well as for the users’ comfort and safety. In addition to that, field testing is also used to help ascertain defects which may only be detected after a period of time. QLASSIC’s implementation in the building construction project reduces the quality risk for the client where the contractor instead would be the one bearing the risk as well as protecting the client’s interest. The QLASSIC assessor is an independent individual third party who have no personal interest or relation to the project. CIDB are responsible for coordinating and certifying the QLASSIC assessors who have the most updated relevant information on a regular basis to provide a flexible and practical incorporation of the assessment. This secures an unbiased and accurate results of the assessment of project which will be proper and ethical to both parties.
- 34. 30 Figure 5.1: Allocation of weightage for components of building construction works according to building category 5.2.2 Project Quality Planning Quality planning can be defined as the quality standards are relevant to the project and determining how to satisfy them. It involves developing a quality plan and a quality checklist that will be used during the project implementation phase. This checklist will ensure the project team and other actors are delivering the project outputs according to the quality requirements. Once the project has defined the quality standards and quality characteristics, it will create a project quality plan that describes all the quality definitions and standards relevant to the project. To comply with the rules and provisions are very complicated and comprehensive task where it is essential to determine all quality requirements including the detailed and straight forward terms of necessary measures to achieve those said requirements. The quality expectations, assign roles and responsibilities to management structures, project policy and standard, compliance criteria, the participation in the quality control process and identify a set of procedures and metrics to be used to determine performance quality levels can be defined as quality planning. In other words, the Quality Assurance Plan will be applied if authorized by the projects Consortium. The
- 35. 31 project partners have the duty to prepare and produce overall project management and quality control. The quality planning also describes the conditions that the services and materials must possess in order to satisfy the needs and expectations within the scope of the project. It describes the situations or conditions that make an output fall below quality standards. This information is used to gain a common understanding among the project team to help them identify what is above and what is below a quality standard. The quality planning also includes the procedure to ensure that the quality standards are being followed by all project staff. The quality planning also includes the steps required to monitor and control quality and the approval process to make changes to the quality standards and the quality plan. Templates will be made for documenting the contemporary records of the project in the way of good bookkeeping which is project documentation. The purpose of reporting and monitoring the projects are for documentation used. For instance, permits, delivery order, company financial status of contractors, organizational structure, previous project records, site diary and notice and testing report. Referring to the minor detail of the project, the quality can be insured. Clients can be protected when there is a dispute that happens in the contract period because the documentation can be as a proof of work done and products delivered. Furthermore, flowcharting techniques in quality management generally include the cause and effect diagram and process of flow charts. Flowcharting can help in anticipating probable quality problems and thus helps to develop approaches for dealing with clients. It may affect the next work of different areas in the project. For instance, the process flow chart would be the critical path method. It determines what is the most essential item in the whole process of the project therefore it will highlight the item that might cause a delay and deterioration of quality.
- 36. 32 In addition, test plan shall include in the quality planning due to the test results can be determined the quality of work that is necessary requirements of the project. Load testing, impact testing, exposure site testing, strength testing, weatherability, durability and testing of settlement are the test results. The test results that submitted is for analyzing and confirming the work is completed in accordance to the specification. 5.2.3 Video Documentation A quality video documentation is needed to record the construction process. It can be used on the site that important and complex areas. By placing the recording tools on the certain area around the site, it enables monitoring and recording the process of construction. It can also provide a wide angle view for monitoring. Once the works have been executed, the video recording will commence and the footage captured will be saved in a storage device. To control and maintain the work quality in accordance to the quality and specification, it will be inspected by a specialized employee weekly. Furthermore, third party will be hired which is a neutral and independent experienced professional on analyzing the video footage. A fair and clear checking are the responsibilities of third party. In order to eliminate potential deceit of contractors or clerk of work, the whole construction process is documented and analysed which is different from the traditional assessment which focus only on the end product. Therefore, the quality of work can be controlled and achieved a better quality of workmanship.
- 37. 33 6.0 Project Risk Management 6.1 Introduction Construction risk management is a significant aspect of development planning. Understanding the risk is extremely important as to prevent any cost overrun or other issues that could arise. This requires a consistent structuring of the enterprise and continuous risk management when carrying out construction projects. Risk management helps to mitigate most of the risk but not completely eradicate all possible risk in the construction project. Through this method, risk can be identified throughout the construction process from pre-construction to post construction stage. With this method, client can observe the overall performance of the project, ensuring that the risk can be used to create opportunities. There are 5 steps in preparing a risk management process. Figure 6.1: Risk Management Process
- 38. 34 6.2 Identification of Risks The first step is to identify all the potential risks that could arise on the construction project. There should be a carefully review on the bidding documents, plans, and specifications for the project. For the purpose of this study, we will be considering external risk and internal risk. 6.2.1 External Risks For the identification of external risks, we will be adopting a method called PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis is a abbreviated form for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. 6.2.1.1 Political Political Risks comes from the change on government regulation that could have a direct or indirect effect on the construction industry. This risk is extraordinarily obvious in the present condition because of the adjustment in government. New government policies are expected to take effect. One of the most recent change is the removal of Goods & Services Tax (GST) and replaced by Sales & Service Tax (SST). One of the benefits that came from this policy is that construction material will be exempted from the taxes, according to our current Minister of Finance, Lim Guan Eng. Based on this, many construction project will kick start as construction will have a significant reduce in construction cost. Therefore, it helps to boost the economic activity of the country. However, one of the significant change is that the government are reviewing all the government construction projects. This may cause a standstill in government affiliated projects, in
- 39. 35 which causes conflict and dispute. Based on the finances of the contracting companies, they may face cash flow issue if the review is not done properly. In which will cause loss of profit and additional cost. However, this might not affect our development tremendously, as the cost of our building isn’t significantly high to require a major review from the government. 6.2.1.2 Economic Economical risk is the economic background of the country. Based on the status of the economic it could affect directly to the cost of the construction projects. The factors that greatly affects the cost of construction project is the currency of the exchange rate and income of consumer. As mentioned earlier, the exchange rate is one of the factor that greatly affects the whole construction due to importing building materials from different parts of the country. We shall take America as an example for the imported goods. The figure below shows the fluctuation of currency rate from 1 Dollar (USD) to Malaysian Ringgit (MYR). Looking at a year view, we can see that there is a difference in the rate. Based on the graph, it shows that May 2018, 1 USD equals to 3.99 MYR, whereas May 2019 1 USD equals to 4.19. This shows that a higher cost is required to obtain the desired building material to be constructed. Figure 6.2: Fluctuation of currency rate of USD to MYR in 1 year period.
- 40. 36 Furthermore, the current economic growth will impact the income of the consumer. The development we are building is a multi-storey carpark with retail shop, thus the demand on our services are heavily dependent on the income of our consumer. The average monthly salaries and wages received by paid employees in Malaysia increased 8.1% to RM2,880 in 2017 from RM2,657 in 2016, according to the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM). Meanwhile, median monthly salaries rose 7.7% per annum to RM2,160 in 2017 from RM2,000 in 2016. Figure 6.3: Average salary of Malaysian in 2017 6.2.1.3 Social Social factors are also known as socio-cultural factors, and include demographics, cultural trends, population size and so on. The social is one of the main risk that need to take consideration into our projects to identity if the public are willing to spend on our facilities. Taylor's University is a for-profit private higher education institution located in the suburban setting of the medium-sized city of Subang Jaya with a population range of 500,000- 1,000,000 inhabitants. Taylor's University has an enrolment range from 15,000-19,999 of students. Based on this amount more that 50% of the student drives to campus every day. However, there aren’t many proper parking space provided by Taylor’s. In which students are force to park at places that has terrible road condition and no proper coverage from weather. This cause lots of
- 41. 37 frustration among students. As cars are subject to more maintenance, due to the potholes and bumpy roads. However, since our building is saturated next to the commercial block (Spoz) where there are plenty of shop available to student. This will lead to competition between our building, since the shops are closer to the classroom, in which students require longer time to walk to our facilities. This may lead to lower demand for the retail in our building. Despite that, this may be considered an opportunity as our development is mostly focus on the carpark space that will be provided to students. As for shops, students might take an extra step to try our new restaurant and places to hangout. 6.2.1.4 Technological As years goes by and technology advances. More and more construction technologies are being implemented into the construction industry. Industrialized Building System (IBS) is the most common modern technology applied in construction industry now to improve in terms of quality, cost and time. While it may provide speed in project, but the uncertainty in cost due to inexperience and uncommon usage will lead to a serious risk. 6.2.1.5 Environmental Environment risk is basically the surrounding environment factors which will affect the constructions progress. It is a must to identify the possible environment risk to ensure a smooth constructions projects.
- 42. 38 The access into Taylor’s will cause a huge problem during construction period. The diversion of temporary traffic planning must be managed carefully. This is because, the road to Taylor’s narrow and there is one entrance and one, there is also a traffic problem after 5pm as majority of the student are heading back after class in which will affect the construction site. Thus, the planning of traffic must be very wise to not affect the daily traffic status especially the student as they will need to attend classes and exam. This would be a risk to affect the construction project’s progression. Moreover, careful foundation needed to be chosen for the use of development, as any form of vibration should be minimized to avoid disturbance to the student and damages to neighboring property. Pollution is one of the possible environment risk that will cause work to stop. This is because the development is next to restaurant that students will have their meal. As our projects is facing the famous lakeside in Taylor’s, so the pollution such as water pollution must be handled carefully and avoided. Lastly, the weather in Subang Jaya is very important which it will affect the progress of the construction. The weather forecast historical data collected from a year showed in the figure below stated that there will be higher chance of cloudy sky starting from March to December. Thus, the raining weather might be one of the environment risk affect the construction progress. Due to the raining season, it will affect transportation during construction period and accidents are prone to happen. So, careful management is needed.
- 43. 39 Figure 6.4: Annual Weather report in Subang Jaya 2018 6.2.1.6 Legal Legal risks stem from a change in legislation that may affect the construction process. One example of such issue is a change in Local Authority requirements or statutory requirements such as UBBL. However, these changes are very rare, and since this project has gained all required approvals, it is safe to proceed without employing huge extent of risk mitigation in this area. 6.2.2 Internal Risk Internal risk is the risk that is under the control of the Project Manager. These can give uncertainty then affect the project. This type of risk is identified throughout the whole construction process, from Pre-construction Stage, Construction Stage to Post-construction Stage. In this case,
- 44. 40 we are about to construct a mixed development which consists of hypermarket, shoplots with car park. 6.2.2.1 Pre-Construction Stage Severe mistakes made at this stage could affect the quality outcome of the project. There will definitely be errors made in this stage, so risk management during this stage must be carried out to avoid more issues. At pre-construction stage, there are 2 essential risks that will highly affect the whole project if not properly resolved. The 2 risks are technical risk and financial risk. 1. Technical Risk Technical risks will affect the product output of the project. It creates a barrier from building the most ideal product that suits the customers. This can also include the management of the materials, insufficient details of the site investigation, poor detailed design, and absence of cost overrun analysis. These risks usually happened during the pre-construction stage and give a huge impact to the project if risks are inadequately managed. Therefore, it is important that we have a suitable car park design as well as for the hypermarket location 2. Financial Risk Financial background is one of the most crucial element to the employer, without a positive financial cash flow, the employer might have a chance to face bankruptcy; if this risk is done adequately, the employers would be more than happy to continue this project because of the high profit margin. Not only that, there will be also risks might be incurred due to the inflation, local taxes, and fluctuation of foreign exchange. Well, as for Malaysia, the taxes will be according to the Authority, and this must be taken into account before starting the project. In our project, car park is one element that does not require lots of refurbishments, it is able reduce the financial risk.
- 45. 41 6.2.2.2 Construction Stage The construction stage could be the stage where the highest risk incurred throughout the construction project. At this stage, there are plenty of risks to bear with, which is managerial risks, logistical risks, environmental risks, safety risk and organizational risk. 1. Managerial Risk During the construction stage, it is very common that the plants and labours are at their lowest productivity. These are all related to the management of resources. The management of plants and labour shall be ensured before the construction starts. The person in charge of the management of plants and labours must plan ahead that there is sufficient amount of skilled staff and plants to avoid disastrous losses and expenses. 2. Logistical Risk The best logistics management is to make sure that the delivering materials into the construction site and workers are able perform without incurring any delays important can enhance efficiency and productivity, having a positive overall impact on cost and time. Not to forget that a good logistics management will always deliver materials to site on time. 3. Environmental Risk The Malaysia’s construction industry professionals should be grateful that there is no natural disaster ever happened in Malaysia. However, they should be aware of the climate changes after the mid-year. Foreigners working in this country should always be alert that this country is humid and hot throughout the year. Therefore, it is important for foreign professionals who work in this country to manage according to the climates.
- 46. 42 4. Safety Risk Every construction players knows that the industry can be lethal to work in, because of the heavy machineries and working at heights conditions. The inadequate workers should be eliminated from the construction site to avoid fatalities. Accidents are difficult to be avoided, therefore it is best to have well-trained workers to work in the hazardous site. 5. Organizational Risk The most important requirement in an organization is communication. A well- communicated organization can improve the efficiency of the work. For instance, if the contractor told the consultants to help to rent a specific plant to the site during a site meeting, and the consultants didn’t communicate who should be renting, ending up renting 2 same plants. The employer will then incur losses due to poor communication in the team. 6.2.2.3 Post-Construction Stage The post construction stage consists of the closure of the final account, contract administration process and completing the defective works. It is usually a closeout process, and ready for vacant possessions. The employers usually have enough the capital for lifelong cost for the building and also facing some of the risk in this stage. 1. Operation risk In this case, if the project in the proposal mentioned was built, it might not meet the expectations. The cost of the mixed development might be higher by a certain amount of %, which is the most unsatisfying outcome for the employer. As for the car park suggested, we might incur losses as we did not conduct a survey on the employees as well as the students perception on the extra paid car parks. The highest risk to build this development is the hypermarket. If Jaya Grocer
- 47. 43 or any other hypermarket company does not want to build a branch in our development, we will incur the highest loss as the hypermarket could be our highest passive income. 2. Maintenance risk Maintenance cost can be ridiculously spiking if not managed properly. Our car parks must be well maintained because of the location suggested. It is not enclosed and locates beside near to the LDP highway. Therefore, there will be much more dust as compared to the closed parking in the area but the ventilation will be better. Furthermore, the hypermarket must be well taken care for its ventilation, as mentioned it is located near the LDP highway therefore, if the ventilation is not working, it might cause a bad impression to the customers. 6.3 Analysis of Risk Risk analysis is one of the most significant procedure when it comes to construction projects. It is a proven way of accessing and identify the negative impact to the organization. By that, the organization is able to eliminate risk and making positive impact decision to the project. Risk analysis can be conducted into 2 different ways -- Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Analysis. 6.3.1 Qualitative Risk Analysis The main purpose of Qualitative Risk Analysis is to identify the risk that may occur. This gives and alert to the employees to be aware of the possible effect. Qualitative analysis is able to show the risk faced in the identifying risk process without any mathematical analysis. It does not identify the probability and likelihood either. Instead, the risk analysis data is collected through judgment of experts. In this, we assess individual perception of risks by allocate a numeric ranking of probability and impact. Qualitative Risk Analysis is a widely used process in almost all the projects.
- 48. 44 6.3.2 Quantitative Risk Analysis The purpose of Quantitative Risk Analysis is similar to the Qualitative Risk Analysis. It is to eliminate possible negatively effect by calculation. Quantitative Risk Analysis uses a method which is by calculating the probability distributions to show the risks probability proportion to the outcome. It uses the project model (e.g., Schedule, cost estimate), mathematical and simulation tools to calculate the probability and impact. It predicts likely project impacts in relation to cost or time based on combined effects of risks. It also estimates the likelihood of meeting targets and communicates contingency needed to achieve the desired level of comfort. We don’t use this process in simple and moderately complex projects. We may not find its use in software projects. 6.3.3 Risk Matrix Risk Matrix is one of the method used internally in the construction industry. It is a safety tool for risk evaluation. This method is used by categorizing “probability” and “severity” to measure whether the risk is serious and can bring huge effect to the organization. It is classified into 3 major groups which is Acceptable Risk (Green), Low Risk (Yellow) and Unacceptable Risk (Red). Figure 6.5: Method to conduct risk analysis
- 49. 45 The figure 6.5 shows the method to conduct risk analysis. The rows show the level of probability by numeric, which is 1 to 5, where 1 shows the least probability and 5 shows the highest probability and the columns show the level of severity, which is A to E, where A shows the least severe and E shows the most severe. 6.4 Responding to Risks After completing the risk matrix, it is essential to analyse and identify the level of impact of risks. The following table will prove which component has the acceptable risk, less risk and unacceptable risk. Type of Risk Probability Severity Score Recommendation Political Risk Changes in policy 2 B 2B Keeping track of the government update to identify if the change is severe or it could benefit the industry. Reviewing Projects 3 A 3A Economic Exchange rate 4 C 4C Careful evaluation is needed to look into the economic risk to properly identify the treats. Consumer Income 2 D 2D Social Demand 4 A 4A There will be a high demand in parking spot as the university does not provide proper parking space Competitors 3 D 3D
- 50. 46 for students. Therefore, not much emphasis should be placed on this aspect. However, proper marketing strategy should be used to overcome the competition issue. As it may be a problem. Technological Implementation of IBS 1 C 1C Further decision will be needed to make as the overall construction cost does not match the CIDB requirement for adoption of IBS. Environmental Traffic 5 D 5D Proper pre-planning must be done to avoid the traffic issue. As for pollution and weather isn't a serious issue in the area but careful observation is needed Foundation 3 C 3C Pollution 2 A 2A Weather 4 A 4A Legal Change in Local Authority Approval 1 C 1C This isn’t a serious issue but a proper meeting should be organize to avoid any miscommunication. Change in Building Standards 1 C 1C Pre-Construction Stage
- 51. 47 1. Technical Risk • Changes in design • Addition of column • Plaster availability 2. Financial Risk • High taxes • High inflation rates • Employer’s cash flow 4 2 1 3 3 3 D E A C D D 4D 2E 1A 3C 3D 3D Consultants should recommend proper design to the client to avoid amending drawing. Financial advisors shall be appointed to assist the employer in deciding regarding the cash flow as well as the market trend. Construction Stage 1. Managerial Risk • Insufficient adequate workers • Less productivity plants 2. Logistical Risk • Fuel supplier availability 2 4 1 1 B B A B 2B 4B 1A 1B Consultants should recommend proper design to the client to avoid amending drawing. Financial advisors shall be appointed to assist the employer in deciding regarding the cash flow as well as the market trend.
- 52. 48 • Rare spare parts supplier 3. Environmental Risk • Heavy downpour weather • Hot and humid weather • Earthquake 4. Safety Risk • Untrained workers • Inadequate professionals • Irresponsible workers 5. Organizational Risk • Poor communication risk • Terrible behavior employees 4 5 1 3 2 3 3 2 E D E C B D D C 4E 5D 1E 3C 2B 3D 3D 2C Might consider about the period of construction. Earthquake is nearly impossible in Malaysia. But be aware of the weather in Malaysia. The company should always hire skilled and responsible workers to avoid high risk of accidents in the construction site. A proper meeting should be organize to avoid any miscommunication.
- 53. 49 Post-Construction Stage 1. Operation Risk • Unable to rent out units 2. Maintenance Risk • Poor ventilation system maintenance • Poor appearance 4 4 5 C B A 4C 4B 5A Marketing team shall implement more resources into advertising and promoting. Hiring professional car park builders as well as maintenance professionals. 6.4.1 General Approaches of Risk Response To proceed with building of this project, there will be solutions to the risks. There are a total of 4 solutions to resolve risk, which is to avoid, to transfer to mitigate and to accept. To avoid risk is to eliminate all possible effect after proceeding with the specific actions. It also means to reduce the risk probability to zero. And this usually is an amendments in the project plan. For example, using load bearing wall as the internal wall might cause difficulty to refurbish, therefore, using non-load bearing wall is more appropriate. Transferring risk is meant by shifting risk from one to another to avoid disastrous losses. A good example of transferring risk is buying insurance for the project. Whatever disasters
- 54. 50 happened and destroy the building, the financial company will incur the losses instead of the employer. Mitigating risk is one of the most important action to the industry. It is by reducing the risk on behalf of the person involved of incurring losses. It also sounds like having a backup plan. To seamlessly complete the project, the employer must always have a second option in mind to avoid time wasting. Lastly is to accept the risk. By accepting the risk, it means that the employers have to come up with a solution on the problems facing ahead. For instance, Malaysia’s weather can be ridiculous at times. A heavy downpour can happen right after a sunny day, therefore the employer must accept that and come up with a second plan if it starts to rain heavily to reduce losses. 6.5 Risk Monitoring Risk monitoring strategy is by gathering all information of risk either by automated or manual, analyzing the risk and making the best decision to proceed with the work. The word monitoring also means to always check on the presence of consequences of the risk. Then having a record of the risk management also helps in future developing projects.
- 55. 51 7.0 Project Procurement Management 7.1 Introduction A formal process to obtain goods and services is known as procurement. Project procurement management aims to establish relationships between organization’s purchasing department and external suppliers to order, receive, review and approve all the procurement items necessary for project execution. The process aims to ensure timely delivery of the purchased items which are selected and acquired according to the specifications and requirements. Managing project procurements and acquisitions requires the project manager to efficiently collaborate with the purchasing department. In procurement management, the project manager’s roles and responsibilities are: - • Able to create, read, understand and manage contracts • Ensure scope of works and project requirements are included in the contract • Involves in contract negotiation to maintain relationship with the contract parties including contractor, subcontractor, designer, vendor, etc. • Protect the integrity of the contract • Works with procurement manager to manage changes to the contract • Works with procurement department throughout the procurement process • Ensure all work such as reporting, inspections and legal deliverables are met 7.2 Project Procurement Management Process The figure 7.1 shows an overview of the project procurement management processes which include plan procurements, conduct procurements, administer procurements, and close procurements. This project proposal will be focused more on plan procurements stage as it is the initial step of the whole process.
- 56. 52 Figure 7.1: Overview of the project procurement management processes As referred to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), plan procurements is the process of documenting project purchasing decisions, specifying the approach, and identifying potential sellers. With the inputs and usage of tools and techniques, the procurement manager or project manager should carry out the following tasks: -
- 57. 53 • Facilitate to create a Procurement Management Plan The procurement management plan describes how the procurement processes will be managed from developing procurement documents through contract closure. The figure below illustrates the procurement management plan in details where the subsidiary components are proposed in the previous section of this project proposal. Figure 7.2: Input and output of the project procurement management processes
- 58. 54 • Create Procurement Statement of Work (SOW) The statement of work for each procurement is developed from the project scope baseline and defines only the project scope that is to be included within the contract. Information included in a SOW can include scope of work, location of work, period of performance, deliverables schedule, applicable standards, acceptance criteria, special requirements and etc. • Determine type of contract The risk shared between the buyer (client) and seller (contractor) is determined by the contract type and specific contract terms and conditions. The decision of contract type that the buyer and seller will be entered into for this project will be established in future. The contract types available in use are listed as below: - ● Firm Fixed Price Contracts (FFP) ● Fixed Price Incentive Fee Contracts (FPIF) ● Fixed Price with Economic Price Adjustment Contracts (FP-EPA) ● Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contracts (CPFF) ● Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contracts (CPIF) ● Cost Plus Award Fee Contracts (CPAF) ● Time and Material Contracts (T&M) • Determine procurement document Procurement documents are used to solicit proposals from prospective sellers. Include request for information (RFI), invitation for bid (IFB), requests for quotation (RFQ), requests for proposal (RFP) and etc. Project manager’s role is to ensure that the documents accurately describe the work to be completed by the vendor, the evaluation techniques to be used to select the vendor and the methods by which the contracted deliverables will be evaluated.
- 59. 55 • Source Selection Criteria Selection criteria are often included as a part of the procurement documents. The criteria are developed and used to rate and score the seller proposal as assessment in terms of the followings: - ● Purchase price ● Life cycle cost ● Technical capability ● Risk ● Management approach ● Technical approach ● Warranty ● Financial capacity ● Production capacity and interest ● Business size and type ● Past performance
- 60. 56 7.3 Procurement Method Traditional procurement method as known as design/bid/build type contracting system is recommended in this project. This is the most commonly used method in Malaysia especially in procuring building work. The procedures are well known and familiar to the professionals in the construction field. The contractual relationship and coordination are illustrated in the figure 5.3. Figure 7.3: contractual relationship and coordination Traditional method benefits client in a way where they can control the quality of the work and it protects their interest as the majority of works are designed by consultants who work directly for the client. However, traditional method is not the fastest method, the project duration will be longer compared to other procurement method. Therefore, the overall project planning from commencement to completion is important. Although the duration will be longer but there is a certainty on the time on the construction period before construction commences. Traditional method provide certainty in construction cost and easier budgetary control due to design completion at tendering stage. Therefore, traditional method provide medium time risk but low cost and quality risk.
- 61. 57 7.4 Tendering Method As for tendering method, the recommended tender method for this project is selective tendering where only certain tenderers are invited to tender. The potential tenderers are selected based on their integrity and ability before they are invited to tender. The consultants would have a list of prospective tenderers which are selected by their track records and their suitability for the nature and size of the project. In the initial stage of selective tendering, there is a selection process of tenderers which is known as pre-qualification stage. The interested tenderers will be required to send their company’s profile to the consultant together with tender documents for assessment purposes. Only contractor with experience in mix development project will be invited into the tender bidding. In this project, there are a few contractors recommended by TK Builders and consultants. The criteria of selecting potential contractor as following: - • Financial capacity • Organizational capacity • Resource availability • Technical capacity • Relevant experience A list of pre-qualified tenderers will then be included in the final tender list and invited to collect the tender documents. The aim of pre-qualification stage is to eliminate potentially non- performing tenderer, thereby reducing the risk of selecting inexperienced and unknown tenderers. The selection of a well performing and experienced tenderer is crucial to ensure that the extension can take place successfully and it meets all of the client’s requirements. The list of pre-qualified tenderers will proceed on to the tendering process. After the evaluation process of tender submissions, the most competent and suitable tenderer will be selected
- 62. 58 to carry out the works for the project. The selection of tenderer to be awarded will not only based on the lowest tender price but also the project quality and performance offered by the tenderer in order to achieve balance in time, cost and quality. The selected tenderer will proceed on to the negotiation process. The negotiation would take place until an agreement is reached and both parties are satisfied, leading them to enter into a contract for construction works to commence.
- 63. 59 8.0 Project Summary In a nutshell, the proposed project is a mix-development which comprises of 5 floors with 1 floors of hypermarket, 2 floors for shop-lots, 1 floor for reserved parking, 1 floor for season parking and 1 floor for visitor parking. The purpose of this building is to provide more varieties of restaurant, car park and ease of grocery shopping as there are few residential condominium nearby. However, before beginning this proposed project, analyzing and identifying the strategies to manage this project are important. This is to understand the construction project’s life cycle as it consider various steps and precautions throughout the project. There are three stages in a project life cycle, namely Pre-construction stage, construction stage and post-construction stage. Each stage must be analysis to ensure a smooth construction. After various considerations on the costing, timing, project quality and risk management. We are able to identity the key elements to avoid and opportunity for the proposed project. Although there might be some challenges along the way, such as students might not be interested to pay a high amount for the parking space and the competition of shop might be high. Despite that, the proposed development project will provide a strong competitive advantage, where there is a hypermarket near various residential building. Allowing students, restaurant and even working staff to have a convenient to purchase groceries without traveling far. This also provides more job opportunities as newly shops require staffs and manpower to operate their business. Lastly, looking at the estimation part, it proves to be a profitable development in the long run of 20 years. The profit generated from this project is estimated to be RM 15,937,334.86, after all proper deduction on maintenance, etc. Even after 20 years, this building will continue to strive and provide quality facilities to student and added benefit to students that are studying in Taylor’s University.
- 64. 60 9.0 References Procurement Management Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.greycampus.com/opencampus/project-management-professional/procurement- management-chapter-overview Project Procurement Management: 5 Steps of the Process. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://mymanagementguide.com/project-procurement-management/ Symes, S. (2019, February 11). The Importance of Project Procurement. Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/info-8599737-importance-project-procurement.html What is Critical Path? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://2020projectmanagement.com/resources/project-planning/what-is-the-critical-path Stephanie, R. (2018, January 3). Understanding Critical Path in Project Management. Retrieved from https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/understanding-critical-path-project-management Fondahl, J. W. (1962). A non-computer approach to the critical path method for the construction industry. Retrieved from https://trid.trb.org/view/99661 The Ultimate Guide to the Critical Path Method (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.smartsheet.com/critical-path-method Project Management Knowledge (n.d.). Retrieved from https://project-management- knowledge.com/definitions/f/forward-pass/
- 65. 61 Kramer, S. W. & Jenkins, J. L. (2006). Understanding the basics of CPM calculations. Retrieved from https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/basics-cpm-scheduling-software-axon-8170 Forward Pass and Backward Pass in Project Scheduling (n.d.). Retrieved from https://tiemchart.com/blogs/training/forward-pass-and-backward-pass/ Project Management Institute. (2008) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) - Fourth Edition. Retrieved from https://www.works.gov.bh/English/ourstrategy/Project%20Management/Documents/Other%2 0PM%20Resources/PMBOKGuideFourthEdition_protected.pdf Zahiid, S. (2018). Fitch unit: Review of mega projects poses risk to construction industry | Malay Mail. Retrieved from https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/05/18/fitch-unit- review-of-mega-projects-poses-risk-to-construction-industry/1632321 Aruna, P. (2018). Big changes ahead for construction players - Business News | The Star Online. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2018/06/02/big-changes- ahead-for-construction-players/ Full Budget 2019 speech. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/resurgent-malaysia-dynamic-economy-prosperous- society Inflation in Construction 2019 – What Should You Carry?. (2019). Retrieved from https://edzarenski.com/2018/02/15/inflation-in-construction-2019-what-should-you-carry/
- 66. 62 Quality Assessment for Building Construction Works. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.cidb.gov.my/images/content/pdf/cis/CIS-7_2014.pdf What is Quality Planning? Quality Control Plans | ASQ. (2019). Retrieved from https://asq.org/quality-resources/quality-plans Burton, L. (2018, November 18). The Purpose of a Project Quality Plan. Retrieved from http://www.visitask.com/project-quality-asp/
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Project Report Assessment answers
Introduction.
The report will edify the project of fixing an old cabin that is arranged beachside. The house is visited an examined and the significant objectives or destinations are distinguished. The cabin is to be fixed well so this could be used as an investment property or a get-away goal. A bank advance of sum $20,000 is profited and is to be utilized for purchasing the materials and different supplies and offer the expenses of the nearby temporary workers and the two student. In the event that the project the executives of fixing the cabin is effectively cultivated according to the arrangement, the bungalow will be treated as investment property and will be a wellspring of adequate pay.
This report will distinguish the real exercises of this project, will build up a budget and timetable for this project, and make a Work breakdown structure for this concerned project. The report will discuss the assets, risks, stakeholders of this project and communication plan, change the executives’ plan of this house fix project.
4. Topic 4: Communication Plan, WBS, RACI
4.1 stakeholder prioritization matrix.
Stakeholders are the people who are legitimately or in a roundabout way identified with the project. They either influence the project or get influenced by the results of the project (Butt, Naaranoja, and Savolainen, 2016). Inside stakeholders are straightforwardly appended to the project and work as a piece of the project. The outer stakeholders are not straightforwardly connected with to the project but rather are influenced by the results of the project.
4.2 Project Communications Matrix
Communication is significant so as to upkeep the progression of work in the project the executives (Heagney, 2016). This is critical to continue examining on the project undertakings, work status, issues developed amid the project, risk factors, system, changes in methodology with every one of the stakeholders of the project. On the off chance that the stakeholders are not interconnected with communication, a communication hole emerges, which results misconception, trouble and coordinated effort and subsequently hampers and defers the project course of events (Joslin, and Müller, 2015). Up close and personal gatherings, email, calls, verbal and visual communication, application, letter, reports are the vehicle of communication between the stakeholders.
4.3 Work Breakdown Structure
Work breakdown structure is valuable apparatus to streamline the multi-step projects. This structure serves to divide the project into littler and more straightforward undertakings (Larson, and Gray, 2017). This is made with the point of dealing with each piece of project errands minutely and proficiently. The utilization of Work Breakdown Structure has been enormously expanded lately and this is demonstrated to be proficient apparatus to deal with the project (Serrador, and Turner, 2015). In WBS, the project is separated in basic errands and they are masterminded serialy. As indicated by the PMBOK, the WBS is a "deliverable arranged" order of decayed errands rthat is to kept up by the entire project group. The work breakdown structure for the project can be developed using the listed works,
The diagram for WBS is given below,
4.4 The RACI chart
5. topic 5: scheduling projects.
5.2 Critical path
5.3 Gantt chart
6. Topic 6: Resources and budgeting
6.1 resource loading.
The resources required for the project include,
The project chiefs use budget device so as to gauge the absolute expense of the project (Oettingen, Kappes, Guttenberg, and Gollwitzer, 2015). This is the summation of the cash relegated to finish a specific undertaking of the project inside the course of events. The project administrators screen whether the assignments are going according to the budget or not. At the point when the project assignments pursue the budget, the expense of the project turns out to be anything but difficult to screen and control.
6.3 Reporting
6.3.1 earned value management, 6.3.2 timeline reporting, 7. topic 7: risk management, 7.1 risk identification.
Risk management is a piece of project the executives through which the likely risks that could be developed in the project are recognized and broke down. In this procedure, the strategies are additionally distinguished that could limit or evade the effects and outcomes of the risks (Adafin, Rotimi, and Wilkinson, 2019). The risk of budget, plan risk, execution risk are ordinarily developed risks in the projects. There are different risks too that hamper the projects, for example, vital risks, legitimate risks, showcase risks, risk of cataclysmic events (Schwalbe, 2015). The risk the executives’ procedure incorporates essentially four stages: recognizable proof of risk, dissecting the results and force of the risk, organizing risk, and create methodologies to react to the risk.
8. Topic 8: Quality management & project closure
8.1 quality tools.
The projects are planned in the basis of few perceptions, hypothesis, analysis and estimations hence, few quality are occurred in the progression of the tasks. Quality management is the approach that deals with the minor and potential quality of the project goals, procedure of works and the technologies used in the project (Morden, 2017). Quality management aims to apply the strategies to respond the quality, control the quality and help people to get used to the quality.
8.2 Change management
The change management includes the following activities:
- Discussing the project vison and the outcomes of the project
- Creating a communication plan to address the stakeholders
- Identification and engagement of the stakeholders
- Identification and proper engagement of the change champions
- Development of attesting plan
- Utilization of the training for instructing the team members
9. Project close
Project the board was the way toward dealing with the errands identified with a project. It assumed an essential job to achieve the assignments inside allotted budget, time and foreordained procedure. Project the board contained five noteworthy stages like ini8tiation of work, arranging of assignments, execution of the errands, observing and controlling the undertakings and ultimately project conclusion. The Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide considers project as an essential endeavour so as to achieve the objectives that make an important item or administration. In the project the board procedure, the practicality of project, extents of the project, stakeholders of the project, assets required for the project, project course of events, risks of the projects, communication plans and viable communication frameworks are distinguished (Grissom, Loeb and Mitani, 2015). The project chiefs assume an essential job for the effective and productive achievement of the project. The project the board procedure incorporates project achievement that indicates the significant destinations of the project. The Project Management Body of Knowledge Guide recognizes the principle certainties, issues and procedures that are required to start, screen, control and complete the project.
Bibliography
Dai, J. G., & Shi, P. (2017). A two-time-scale approach to time-varying queues in hospital inpatient flow management. Operations Research , 65 (2), 514-536.
Figueiredo, J. (2017, April). Engineering project, a sociotechnicalperspective in engineering education. In 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) (pp. 311-311). IEEE.
Fleming, Q. W., & Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute.
Grissom, J. A., Loeb, S., & Mitani, H. (2015). Principal time management skills: Explaining patterns in principals’ time use, job stress, and perceived effectiveness. Journal of Educational Administration , 53 (6), 773-793.
Heagney, J. (2016). Fundamentals of project management . Amacom.
Joslin, R., & Müller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts. International Journal of Project Management , 33 (6), 1377-1392.
Larson, E. W., & Gray, C. F. (2017). Project management: The managerial process . McGraw-Hill Education.
Livesey, S., & Crane, A. (2017). Are You Talking to Me?: Stakeholder communication and the risks and rewards of dialogue. In Unfolding Stakeholder Thinking 2 (pp. 39-52). Routledge.
Morden, T. (2017). Principles of management . Routledge.
Oettingen, G., Kappes, H. B., Guttenberg, K. B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2015). Self‐regulation of time management: Mental contrasting with implementation intentions. European Journal of Social Psychology , 45 (2), 218-229.
Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management . Cengage Learning.
Serrador, P., & Turner, R. (2015). The relationship between project success and project efficiency. Project Management Journal , 46 (1), 30-39.
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Project Report On Assignment Problem
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FORE School of Management 201 1 PROJECT REPORT ON ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM IN DECISION MAKING MODELS Submitted To: Mr. Hitesh Arora Professor, FORE School of Management Submitted By: Amit Kumar Singh FMG20, Sec-A 201012 1 FORE School of Management 201 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Assignment problems arise in different situations where we have to find an optimal way to assign n objects to m other objects in an injective fashion. Depending on the objective we want to optimize, we obtain different problems ranging from linear assignment problems to quadratic and higher dimensional assignment problems. The assignment problems are a well studied topic in combinatorial optimization. These problems find numerous applications in production planning, telecommunication, VLSI design, economics, etc. They can be classified into three groups: linear assignment problems, three and higher dimensional assignment problems, and quadratic assignment problems and problems related to it. For each group of problems we mention some applications, show some basic properties and describe briefly some of the most successful algorithms used to solve these problems. Although assignment problem can be solved using the techniques of Linear Programming or the transportation method, the assignment method is much faster and efficient. This method was developed by D. Konig, a Hungarian mathematician and is therefore known as the Hungarian method of assignment problem. So we will try to figure out the application of assignment problem with a case on NASA astronaut assignment to space missions and will see how excel solver can be applied to solve this kind of problems. 2 FORE School of Management 201 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Application Areas of Assignment Problem..............................................................................5 2.2 Formulation Of The Problem...................................................................................................5 2.3 Solution Methods ......................................................................................................................6 2.4 Hungarian Method....................................................................................................................6 3.1 A Case of Assignment Problem...............................................................................................11 3.2 Solution to the Case.................................................................................................................12 References:..........................................................................................................18 3 FORE School of Management 201 1 Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction to Assignment Problems In the world of trade Business Organisations are confronting the conflicting need for optimal utilization of their limited resources among competing activities. When the information available on resources and relationship between variables is known we can use LP very reliably. The course of action chosen will invariably lead to optimal or nearly optimal results. The assignment problem is a special case of transportation problem in which the objective is to assign a number of origins to the equal number of destinations at the minimum cost (or maximum profit). It involves assignment of people to projects, jobs to machines, workers to jobs and teachers to classes etc., while minimizing the total assignment costs. One of the important characteristics of assignment problem is that only one job (or worker) is assigned to one machine (or project). Hence the number of sources are equal the number of destinations and each requirement and capacity value is exactly one unit. Although assignment problem can be solved using the techniques of Linear Programming or the transportation method, the assignment method is much faster and efficient. This method was developed by D. Konig, a Hungarian mathematician and is therefore known as the Hungarian method of assignment problem. In order to use this method, one needs to know only the cost of making all the possible assignments. Each assignment problem has a matrix (table) associated with it. Normally, the objects (or people) one wishes to assign are expressed in rows, whereas the columns represent the tasks (or things) assigned to them. The number in the table would then be the costs associated with each particular assignment. It may be noted that the assignment problem is a variation of transportation problem with two characteristics.(i)the cost matrix is a square matrix, and (ii)the optimum solution for the problem would be such that there would be only one assignment in a row or column of the cost matrix . 4 FORE School of Management 201 1 Chapter 2 2.1 Application Areas of Assignment Problem Though assignment problem finds applicability in various diverse business situations, we discuss some of its main application areas: (i) In assigning machines to factory orders. (ii) In assigning sales/marketing people to sales territories. (iii) In assigning contracts to bidders by systematic bid-evaluation. (iv) In assigning teachers to classes. (v) In assigning accountants to accounts of the clients. 2.2 Formulation Of The Problem Let there are n jobs and n persons are available with different skills. If the cost of doing jth work by ith person is cij.Then the cost matrix is given in the table 1 below: Jobs/ Persons 1 2 3 .......j ........n 1 C11 C12 C13 .....C1j ......C1n 2 C21 C22 C23 ......C2j ......C2n .. .. .. ..i .. .. .. Ci1 .. .. .. Ci2 .. .. .. Ci3 .. .. .. Cij .. .. .. Cin 5 FORE School of Management 201 1 .. .. .. ...n .. .. .. Cn1 .. .. .. Cn2 .. .. .. Cn3 .. .. .. Cnj .. .. .. Cnn Now the problem is which work is to be assigned to whom so that the cost of completion of work will be minimum. Mathematically, we can express the problem as follows: nn Z = Σ Σ Cij Xij i=1 j=1 Subject to the constraints n Σ Xij = 1 for all i (resource availability) j=1 n Σ Xij = 1 for all i (activity requirement) i=1 and Xij = 0 or 1, for all i to activity j. 2.3 Solution Methods The assignment problem can be solved by the following four methods: Enumeration method Simplex method Transportation method Hungarian method As i am going to use Hungarian Method for solving the case so i will briefly describe about the method here. 2.4 Hungarian Method Step 1. Determine the cost table from the given problem. 6 FORE School of Management 201 1 (i) If the no. of sources is equal to no. of destinations, go to step 3. (ii) If the no. of sources is not equal to the no. of destination, go to step2. Step 2. Add a dummy source or dummy destination, so that the cost table becomes a square matrix. The cost entries of the dummy source/destinations are always zero. Step 3. Locate the smallest element in each row of the given cost matrix and then subtract the same from each element of the row. Step 4. In the reduced matrix obtained in the step 3, locate the smallest element of each column and then subtract the same from each element of that column. Each column and row now have at least one zero. Step 5. In the modified matrix obtained in the step 4, search for the optimal assignment as follows: (a) Examine the rows successively until a row with a single zero is found. Enrectangle this row (�)and cross off (X) all other zeros in its column. Continue in this manner until all the rows have been taken care of. (b) Repeat the procedure for each column of the reduced matrix. (c) If a row and/or column has two or more zeros and one cannot be chosen by inspection then assign arbitrary any one of these zeros and cross off all other zeros of that row / column. (d) Repeat (a) through (c) above successively until the chain of assigning (�) or cross (X) ends. Step 6. If the number of assignment (�) is equal to n (the order of the cost matrix), an optimum solution is reached. If the number of assignment is less than n(the order of the matrix), go to the next step. Step7. Draw the minimum number of horizontal and/or vertical lines to cover all the zeros of the reduced matrix. 7 FORE School of Management 201 1 Step 8. Develop the new revised cost matrix as follows: (a)Find the smallest element of the reduced matrix not covered by any of the lines. (b)Subtract this element from all uncovered elements and add the same to all the elements laying at the intersection of any two lines. Step 9. Go to step 6 and repeat the procedure until an optimum solution is attained. 8 FORE School of Management 201 1 The flowchart to solve any Assignment problem by Hungarian Method is given below: 9 FORE School of Management 201 1 10 FORE School of Management 201 1 Chapter 3 3.1 A Case of Assignment Problem NASA’S astronaut crew currently includes 10 mission specialists who hold the doctoral degree in either astrophysics or astromedicine. One of these specialists will be assigned to each of the 10 flights scheduled for the upcoming 9 months. Mission specialists are responsible for carrying out scientific and medical experiments in space or for launching, retrieving or repairing satellites. The chief of Astronaut personnel, himself a former crew member with three missions under his belt, must decide who should be assigned and trained for each of the very different missions. Clearly, astronauts with medical educations are more suited to other types of missions. The chief assigns each astronaut a rating on a scale of 1 to 10 for each possible mission, with 10 being a perfect match for the task at hand and a 1 being a mismatch. Only one specialist is assigned to each flight, and none is reassigned until all others have flown at least once. A) Who should be assigned to which flight? B) NASA has just been notified that Anderson is getting married in February and has been granted a highly sought publicity tour in Europe that month. (He intends to take his wife and let the trip double as a honeymoon) How does this change the final schedule? C) Creto has complained that he was misrated on his January missions. Both ratings should be 10s, he claims to the chief, who agrees and recomputes the schedule. Do any changes occur over the schedule set in part (b)? D) What are the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to scheduling? 11 FORE School of Management 201 1 Table 3.1 Data for problem 3.2 Solution to the Case We can solve this case by two methods one is that we can go for manually solving the question or else we can use Excel Solver. But before that we have to understand the problem that what is says and how it can be interpreted. The problem is basically an assignment problem and here chief astronaut has to assign various astronauts to respective missions keeping in consideration the rating which has been given to astronauts. We will have to handle the case in such a manner that proper assignment can be done in each of the cases given in question. Also we need to calculate the total rating points when assignment has been done to see how efficient the mission is on a scale of 100, combining together the total ratings of ten astronauts. Using Solver Setting up the LP in Solver When all of the LP components have been entered into the worksheet and given names, Bring up Solver using the Tools → Solver... menu. There are four main elements of the solver: 12 FORE School of Management 201 1 Solver dialog box: Set Target Cell: The Target Cell contains the quantity you wish to optimize–the Objective function value. To specify the Target Cell, either click on the cell with the mouse or type in the name of the cell containing the objective function value. Equal To: This specifies the direction of the optimization. Click on either of the “Max” or “Min” radio buttons. By Changing Cells: Recall that our goal is to optimize the value of the objective Function by choosing an appropriate vector of decision variables. Therefore we will Allow Excel to change the decision variables, x. In the “By Changing Cells:” Subject to the Constraints: Specify a constraint by clicking on the Add button. While it is possible to add each constraint one at a time, it is easier (and more concise) to enter a single inequality between the constraint function, Be sure to include any additional constraints, such as nonnegativity constraints. On the right hand side of the Solver dialog box is a button labelled Options. Click on this button to bring up another dialog box. Since we will be dealing primarily with linear programs option of greatest interest is “Assume Linear Model.” Selecting this option forces Excel to use a method for solving LPs known as the Simplex algorithm. It is important that “Assume Linear Model” is selected, or else we may end up with inappropriate outputs. Once the LP has been properly set up in the Solver dialog box, press the Solve button to run Solver. A) Now we would assign each Astronaut to different Missions. 13 FORE School of Management 201 1 In Solver we add all the constraints and target cell as well as we set the solver to Maximization type as we have to take in consideration the Astronauts with maximum rating points. Solver Output Options Pressing the Solve button runs Solver. Depending on the size of the LP, it may take some time for Solver to get ready. If Solver reaches a solution, a new dialog box will appear and prompt you to either accept the solution or restore the original worksheet values. At this point you may also choose to see a number of output reports. The Answer report provides a 14 FORE School of Management 201 1 summary of the optimal decision variable values, binding and non-binding constraints, and the optimal objective function value. The Sensitivity report provides information describing the sensitivity of the optimal solution to perturbations in the problem data. Following is the solution obtained from solving the Excel. Hence assignments for each astronaut can be given as follows: Vincze Viet Anderson Herbert Schatz Plane Certo Moses Brandon Drtina Mar-26 April-12 Feb-26 Feb-05 Jan-12 June-09 Sep-19 May-01 Aug-20 Jan-27 Hence, we see that each astronaut has been allocated to a different mission. Total rating has been 96 15 FORE School of Management 201 1 B) Now in case b Anderson is getting married in February and has been granted a highly sought publicity tour in Europe that month so he cant be assigned to any mission in February. So we would put 0 rating for him in the month of February. That is the only change in the main table and how it will affect the current solution we will see in the solution which we will obtain after solving the problem through excel. Now on solving the problem through solver we get the following Solution: Hence assignments for each astronaut can be given as follows: Vincze Viet Anderson Herbert Schatz Plane Certo Moses Brandon Drtina 16 Mar-26 April-12 Aug-20 Feb-05 Jan-12 June-09 Sep-19 May-01 Feb-26 Jan-27 FORE School of Management 201 1 So we see that after changing data for Anderson the assignments have also changed and rating also come down to 92. C) Now for January missions Certo’s ratings should be 10s, he claims to the chief, who agrees and recomputes the schedule hence we will change the table. New table is as follows: On solving through excel we get the following solution: So we see that there has been a change in the total score and it has gone up by 1 to 93. But the assignments of astronauts have remained same. D) The strengths and weaknesses of this approach to scheduling are given as follows: Strengths: Solvers, or optimizers, are software tools that help users find the best way to allocate scarce resources. The resources may be raw materials, machine time or people time, 17 FORE School of Management 201 1 money, or anything else in limited supply. The "best" or optimal solution may mean maximizing profits, minimizing costs, or achieving the best possible quality. Weaknesses: Sometimes due to technical glitches it may give faulty result which may not be optimized. Also when we are assigning values to cell small error can have big impact. It does not take into consideration the effect of time and uncertainty. There may be cases of infeasibility and un-bounded. References: 1) Quantitative Analysis for Management by Barry Render, Ralph M. Stair, Michael Hanna, T.N. Badri. (Pearson, 10th Edition) Transportation and assignment models Question No. 10-40. 2) The Dynamic Hungarian Algorithm for the Assignment Problem with Changing Costs G. Ayorkor Mills, Tettey Anthony Stentz ,M. Bernardine Dias, CMU-RI-TR-0727 July 2007 Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon Date of Access: 28th September 2011 3) http://www.nios.ac.in/srsec311/opt-lp5.pdf Date of Access: 28th September 2011 4) http://mike.mccreavy.com/hungarian-assignment-problem.pdf Date of Access: 28th September 2011 5) http://www.ams.jhu.edu/~castello/362/Handouts/hungarian.pdf Date of Access: 28th September 2011 18
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7 2.0 Project Proposed Design Figure 2.1: Elevation View of Building Design Concept Figure 2.1 shows the elevation view of the proposed design building. In this project, the project deliverables and the project
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