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How to Write a Research Paper
Writing a research paper is a bit more difficult that a standard high school essay. You need to site sources, use academic data and show scientific examples. Before beginning, you’ll need guidelines for how to write a research paper.
Start the Research Process
Before you begin writing the research paper, you must do your research. It is important that you understand the subject matter, formulate the ideas of your paper, create your thesis statement and learn how to speak about your given topic in an authoritative manner. You’ll be looking through online databases, encyclopedias, almanacs, periodicals, books, newspapers, government publications, reports, guides and scholarly resources. Take notes as you discover new information about your given topic. Also keep track of the references you use so you can build your bibliography later and cite your resources.
Develop Your Thesis Statement
When organizing your research paper, the thesis statement is where you explain to your readers what they can expect, present your claims, answer any questions that you were asked or explain your interpretation of the subject matter you’re researching. Therefore, the thesis statement must be strong and easy to understand. Your thesis statement must also be precise. It should answer the question you were assigned, and there should be an opportunity for your position to be opposed or disputed. The body of your manuscript should support your thesis, and it should be more than a generic fact.
Create an Outline
Many professors require outlines during the research paper writing process. You’ll find that they want outlines set up with a title page, abstract, introduction, research paper body and reference section. The title page is typically made up of the student’s name, the name of the college, the name of the class and the date of the paper. The abstract is a summary of the paper. An introduction typically consists of one or two pages and comments on the subject matter of the research paper. In the body of the research paper, you’ll be breaking it down into materials and methods, results and discussions. Your references are in your bibliography. Use a research paper example to help you with your outline if necessary.
Organize Your Notes
When writing your first draft, you’re going to have to work on organizing your notes first. During this process, you’ll be deciding which references you’ll be putting in your bibliography and which will work best as in-text citations. You’ll be working on this more as you develop your working drafts and look at more white paper examples to help guide you through the process.
Write Your Final Draft
After you’ve written a first and second draft and received corrections from your professor, it’s time to write your final copy. By now, you should have seen an example of a research paper layout and know how to put your paper together. You’ll have your title page, abstract, introduction, thesis statement, in-text citations, footnotes and bibliography complete. Be sure to check with your professor to ensure if you’re writing in APA style, or if you’re using another style guide.
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How to Cite a Research Paper in Each Research Paper Format
Dissertations, thesis, and all kinds of academic papers will need to be cited using citation styles, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. Citing academic papers properly are done to counteract plagiarism. These citing formats are used to recognize related literary pieces and to mention references used. You should study various citing styles and research paper well before producing essays or any other pieces of academic writing. In this article, our term paper writers have prepared information on how to format research papers as well as how to properly reference academic papers.
APA Research Paper Format
APA (American Psychological Association) research paper format is often used in papers related to psychology and social sciences. In this citation, there is a general format in referencing through endnotes/footnotes, in-text, and reference pages. Academic papers in APA citation has general writing guidelines.
Papers should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. Include a page header at the top of every page. To create a page header, insert page numbers flush right. Then type the title of your paper in the header flush left using all capital letters. The page header is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
Talking about how to write a research paper in APA format, your APA paper should have four major sections :
Be sure to read about how to write an essay format . In article, we talked about the differences between formats.
How to Cite a Research Paper in APA
There are specific rules to follow when citing a research paper in APA. The following are the specific formats to follow:
- Book: Author, A.A.. (Year of Publication). The Title of work. Publisher City, State: Publisher.
- Example : Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
- Magazine: Author, A.A.. (Year, a month of Publication). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.
- Example : Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15), 3-40.
- Newspaper: Author, A.A.. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Magazine Title, pp. xx-xx. Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). An electronic discovery proves an effective legal weapon.The New York Times, p. D5.
- Website: Author, A.A.. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from URL
- Example : Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved from {link}
These citing formats are used to recognize related literary pieces and to mention references used. You don't need to cite information about yourself or your own thoughts. For example, when listing education on resume you don't need any citations. However, you should study various citing styles and research well before producing any other piece of academic writing.
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MLA Research Paper Format
MLA (Modern Language Association) format format is commonly used in liberal arts and humanities. Let’s talk a bit about how to write a research paper in MLA format. This format has principles rather than a set of specific rules to be followed. Papers in MLA format provides a process of documentation.
MLA recommends using Times New Roman font in size 12. The entire paper should be double spaced with 1-inch margins on all sides. Tab once to indent paragraphs (½ inch). Your last name and a page number should be inserted on the upper right-hand corner of the first page.
How to Cite a Research Paper in MLA Format
The following are formats to follow in citing research paper in MLA format:
- Book: Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher City: Publisher Name, Year Published. Medium.
- Example : Smith, John. The Sample Book. Pittsburgh: BibMe, 2008. Print.
- Magazine: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Magazine Name Publication Date: Page Numbers. Medium.
- Example : Smith, John. “Obama inaugurated as President.” Time 21 Jan. 2009: 21-23. Print.
- Newspaper: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Name Publication Date: Page Numbers. Medium.
- Example : Smith, John. “Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2 Feb. 2009: 4-6. Print.
- Website: Last Name, First Name. “Page Title.” Website Title.Sponsoring Institution/Publisher. Publication Date: Page Numbers. Medium.
- Example : Smith, John. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Jan. 2009. Web. 1 Feb. 2009.
Research Paper in Chicago Style
The Chicago style of citing is commonly used in humanities. It requires writers to cite sources in endnotes or footnotes. This citation provides the author with an avenue to express accountability and credibility to related literature or references used in written material. It helps an academic writer provide quotations in a research paper, as well as being commonly used for book bibliographies.
Look at our movie review example and try to determine what format it is written in.
How to Cite a Research Paper in Chicago Style
The following are Chicago style formats to follow:
- Book: Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher City: Publisher Name, Year Published.
- Example : Brown, Dan. The DaVinci Code. New York: Scholastic, 2004.
- Magazine: Last Name, First Name. Article title. Magazine Title, Month Date, Year of publication.
- Example : Chan, Dan. The art of pandas. Panda Magazine, Nov 10, 1985.
- Newspaper: Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Newspaper Name, Publication Date.
- Example : Smith, John. “Steelers win Super Bowl XLIII.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 2, 2009.
- Website: Last Name, First Name. “Page Title.” Website Title. Web Address (retrieved Date Accessed).
- Example : Smith, John. “Obama inaugurated as President.” {link} (accessed February 1, 2009).
ASA Research Paper Format
The leading American method of referencing and quotation created by Sociological Association. Sociological students and scholars use the ASA citation format primarily for writing university research papers in sociology or for submitting articles to ASA journals.
For the detailed information about ASA elements of style, visit the American Sociological Association official website or read our Guide to ASA Citation and Writing Style.
How to Cite a Research Paper in ASA Format
- Book: Author’s Last and First Name. Year of Publication. Title. Country of Publisher: Publisher.
- Example: James, Henry. 2003. The Turn of the Screw. New York: Barns & Noble Books.
- E-Books: Author’s Last and First Name. Year of Publication. Title. Country of Publisher: Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year {link}.
- Example: James, Henry. 2003. The Turn of the Screw. New York: Penguin Books Kindle Version. Retrieved January 18, 2017. {link}
- Journal Article: Author’s Last and First Name. Year of Publication. "Title." Journal Name issue #: inclusive page numbers.
- Example: Feekins, Bo. 2008. “Chasing Tree Frogs.” National Geographic #182. 6-10
- Magazine Article: Author’s Last and First Name. Year of Pub. "Title." Magazine Name, Month Year, pp. Inclusive page numbers.
- Example: Geary, Rachel. 2012. “The Issue with Mastery Learning.” New York Times, April 2002. Pp. 15-23.
- Website: Author’s Last and First Name. Date of Publishing. Title. Publisher. Retrieved Month Day, Year {link}.
- Example: Lee, Bruce. 03.09.2004. Birth of a Nation. Retrieved 18.01.2017. {link}
If you need, you can ask help from EssayPro's custom dissertation writing service .
Video Guide: Easy Ways How to Write a Research Paper Fast
Here is a guide for you on how to write a research paper fast.
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Citing references and related literature in a dissection, thesis paper, etc. is an important part. As a student or a professional, you should be able to show written pieces which helped you synthesize ideas and formulate conclusions. If you are having trouble referencing your gathered information, head on over to our paper writing service and you will get help with your research paper. Also, you may have the question: “Who will do my math homework?”. Our master paper writers are real professionals, so feel free to check EssayPro catalog and find your writer.
Related Articles
APA 6th ed. Style Guide: Scholarly Journal Articles
- Getting Started
- Scholarly Journal Articles
- Books & Reports
- Newspapers & Magazines
- Web Sources & Multimedia
- Legal Sources
- Citing Sources in Text
- Formatting an APA Paper
- APA Sample Paper
On This Page
Journal Article with DOI
Journal Article without a DOI
Journal Article with seven or more authors
Essential Elements
Citations for scholarly articles should include the following:
1. Name of Author(s)
2. Year of Publication
3. Full Title of Article
4. Title of Journal (italicized)
5. Volume Number of Journal
6. Page Numbers of Article
General Format Guidelines for Scholarly Articles
What is a DOI (digital object identifier)??
- the DOI system provides persistent identification for managing digital content.
- if a DOI is available, it is used in place of a URL.
- DOI numbers can often be found on the first page of an online source, or with the article's bibliographic information on the item record page.
- DOIs are now displayed as permanent URLs: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024996
For more information, see "The DOI System" (p. 5) in APA Style Guide to Electronic References .
Sample Citations - Scholarly Articles
Journal Article with DOI (Digital Object Identifier):
All of the following are currently considered correct DOI display guidelines:
- https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
- http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014
- doi:10.1037/arc0000014
If you consulted the article in print, you do not need to include a DOI or URL.
Journal Article without a DOI (when DOI is not available):
If no DOI is assigned to the online content, include the URL for the journal home page.
Use this format: Retrieved from http://xxxx
No retrieval date is needed because the journal article content will not change over time.
Journal Article With Seven or More Authors
When a reference has 1-7 authors, spell out all authors' names in the reference list citation. If a source has 8 or more authors, list the first six, insert an ellipses, and then provide the name of the final author.
Example (article with 8 or more authors) :
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How to Cite a Research Paper
Last Updated: January 31, 2023 References
This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Jennifer Mueller is a wikiHow Content Creator. She specializes in reviewing, fact-checking, and evaluating wikiHow's content to ensure thoroughness and accuracy. Jennifer holds a JD from Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 2006. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 378,307 times. Learn more...
When writing a paper for a research project, you may need to cite a research paper you used as a reference. The basic information included in your citation will be the same across all styles. However, the format in which that information is presented is somewhat different depending on whether you're using American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago, or American Medical Association (AMA) style.
Citation Help
- For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J."
- For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012)."
- If the date, or any other information, are not available, use the guide at http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/05/missing-pieces.html .
- For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer."
- If you found the research paper in a database maintained by a university, corporation, or other organization, include any index number assigned to the paper in parentheses after the title. For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. (Report No. 1234)."
- For example: "Kringle, K., & Frost, J. (2012). Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. (Report No. 1234). Retrieved from Alaska University Library Archives, December 24, 2017."
- For example: "(Kringle & Frost, 2012)."
- If there was no date on the research paper, use the abbreviation n.d. : "(Kringle & Frost, n.d.)."
- For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost."
- For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon among North Pole Reindeer." Master's thesis."
- For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon among North Pole Reindeer." Master's thesis, Alaska University, 2012."
- For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Jack Frost. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon among North Pole Reindeer." Master's thesis, Alaska University, 2012. Accessed at http://www.northpolemedical.com/raising_rudolf."
- Footnotes are essentially the same as the full citation, although the first and last names of the authors aren't inverted.
- For parenthetical citations, Chicago uses the Author-Date format. For example: "(Kringle and Frost 2012)."
- For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Frost, Jack."
- For example: "Kringle, Kris, and Frost, Jack. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon Among North Pole Reindeer.""
- For example, suppose you found the paper in a collection of paper housed in university archives. Your citation might be: "Kringle, Kris, and Frost, Jack. "Red Noses, Warm Hearts: The Glowing Phenomenon Among North Pole Reindeer." Master's Theses 2000-2010. University of Alaska Library Archives. Accessed December 24, 2017."
- For example: "(Kringle & Frost, p. 33)."
- For example: "Kringle K, Frost J."
- For example: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer."
- For example: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. Nat Med. 2012; 18(9): 1429-1433."
- For example, if you're citing a paper presented at a conference, you'd write: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. Oral presentation at Arctic Health Association Annual Summit; December, 2017; Nome, Alaska."
- To cite a paper you read online, you'd write: "Kringle K, Frost J. Red noses, warm hearts: The glowing phenomenon among North Pole reindeer. http://www.northpolemedical.com/raising_rudolf"
- For example: "According to Kringle and Frost, these red noses indicate a subspecies of reindeer native to Alaska and Canada that have migrated to the North Pole and mingled with North Pole reindeer. 1 "
Community Q&A
- If you used a manual as a source in your research paper, you'll need to learn how to cite the manual also. ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
- If you use any figures in your research paper, you'll also need to know the proper way to cite them in MLA, APA, AMA, or Chicago. ⧼thumbs_response⧽ Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
You Might Also Like
- ↑ http://askus.library.wwu.edu/faq/116659
- ↑ https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
- ↑ http://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
- ↑ https://libanswers.snhu.edu/faq/48009
- ↑ https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_in_text_citations_the_basics.html
- ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/MLA8/location
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/ama_style/index.html
- ↑ https://research.library.oakland.edu/sp/subjects/tutorial.php?faq_id=187
About This Article
To cite a paper APA style, start with the author's last name and first initial, and the year of publication. Then, list the title of the paper, where you found it, and the date that you accessed it. In a paper, use a parenthetical reference with the last name of the author and the publication year. For an MLA citation, list the author's last name and then first name and the title of the paper in quotations. Include where you accessed the paper and the date you retrieved it. In your paper, use a parenthetical reference with the author's last name and the page number. Keep reading for tips on Chicago and AMA citations and exceptions to the citation rules! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Purdue Online Writing Lab College of Liberal Arts
In-Text Citations: The Basics
Welcome to the Purdue OWL
This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.
Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6 th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , (6 th ed., 2 nd printing).
Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here .
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: On pages 65-66, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).
APA citation basics
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining
- Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)
- When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs .
- Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo ."
- Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind ; The Wizard of Oz ; Friends .
- Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."
Short quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Long quotations
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Summary or paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required).
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
How To Write a Research Paper
- 1. Understand the Assignment
- 2. Choose Topic & Write Thesis Statement
- 3. Create Concept Map & Keyword List
- 4. Research Your Topic
- 5. Create an Outline
- 6. Write the Paper
- Assignment Calculator
Why are citations important?
Apa citations.
Good research projects combine data from a variety of sources and carefully document the sources of information and ideas. Research documentation usually appears in two parts: short in-text citations occurring within the actual paper and a longer, complete list of works at the end of the paper called a bibliography, reference list, or works cited page.
Besides giving credit to the source of information or ideas, there are other great reasons to cite in your research project:
- Persuasiveness - Your writing will be more persuasive if you cite the research on which you based your own conclusions and arguments.
- Sharing - Citations make it possible for your professor and other readers to examine interesting sources that you found.
- Communication - Correct citations helps you communicate effectively with potential peers within a discipline.
- Skills - Correct citation demonstrates your research and documentation abilities to your professor.
- Avoid Plagiarism - Correct citation use helps protect you from plagiarizing.
Note: a hyperlink or URL included in the text is not the same as a citation. Ex: "Higher gas prices are on the way (cnn.com/specialreport)." URLs in the text, while common on the internet, are not considered a correct form of scholarly citation.
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Organizing Academic Research Papers: 11. Citing Sources
- Purpose of Guide
- Design Flaws to Avoid
- Glossary of Research Terms
- Narrowing a Topic Idea
- Broadening a Topic Idea
- Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea
- Academic Writing Style
- Choosing a Title
- Making an Outline
- Paragraph Development
- Executive Summary
- Background Information
- The Research Problem/Question
- Theoretical Framework
- Citation Tracking
- Content Alert Services
- Evaluating Sources
- Primary Sources
- Secondary Sources
- Tertiary Sources
- What Is Scholarly vs. Popular?
- Qualitative Methods
- Quantitative Methods
- Using Non-Textual Elements
- Limitations of the Study
- Common Grammar Mistakes
- Avoiding Plagiarism
- Footnotes or Endnotes?
- Further Readings
- Annotated Bibliography
- Dealing with Nervousness
- Using Visual Aids
- Grading Someone Else's Paper
- How to Manage Group Projects
- Multiple Book Review Essay
- Reviewing Collected Essays
- About Informed Consent
- Writing Field Notes
- Writing a Policy Memo
- Writing a Research Proposal
- Acknowledgements
A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your research paper. The way in which you document your sources depends on the writing style manual your professor wants you to use for the class [e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, etc.]. Note that some disciplines have their own citation method [e.g., law].
Importance of a Citing your Sources
Citations show your readers where you obtained your material, provides a means of critiquing your study, and offers the opportunity to obtain additional information about the research problem under investigation.
Properly citing the works of others is important because:
- Proper citation allows others to locate the materials you used . Citations to other sources helps readers expand their knowledge on a topic. In some disciplines, one of the most effective strategies for locating authoritative, relevant sources is to follow footnotes or references from known sources ["citation tracking"].
- Citing other people's words and ideas indicates that you have conducted thorough review of the literature on your topic and, therefore, you are operating from an informed perspective. This increases your credibility as the author of the work.
- Other researcher's ideas can be used to reinforce your arguments , or, if you disagree with them, can act as positions from which to argue an alternative viewpoint. In many cases, another researcher's arguments can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize a different viewpoint or to clarify the importance of what you are proposing.
- Ju st as other researcher's ideas can bolster your arguments and act as evidence for your ideas, they can also detract from your credibility if they are found to be mistaken or fabricated . Properly citing information not unique to you prevents your reputation from being tarnished if the facts or ideas of others are proven to be inaccurate or off-base.
- Outside academe, ideas are considered intellectual property and there can serious repercussions if you fail to cite where you got an idea from . In the professional world, failure to cite other people's intellectual property ruins careers and reputations and can result in legal action. Given this, it is important to get into the habit of citing sources.
In any academic writing, you are required to identify for your reader which ideas, facts, theories, concepts, etc., are yours and which are derived from the research and thoughts of others. Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or use direct quotes, if it's not your original idea, the source needs to be acknowledged. The only exception to this rule is information that is considered to be common knowledge [e.g., George Washington was the first president of the United States]. If in doubt regarding whether something is common knowledge, take the safe route and cite it, or ask your professor for clarification.
Citing Information . The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Referencing More Effectively. Academic Skills Centre. University of Canberra.
Structure and Writing Style
Referencing your sources means systematically showing what information or ideas you are quoting or paraphrasing from another author’s work, and where they come from . You must cite research in order to do research, but at the same time, you must indicate what are your original thoughts and ideas and what are the thoughts and ideas of others. Systems used to reference the sources you've used vary among different fields of study. However, always speak with your professor about what writing style for citing sources should be used for the class because it is important to fully understand the citation style to be used in your paper, and to apply it consistently.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
- Should I avoid referencing other people's work? No! Referencing other people's work is never an indication that your work is poor or lacks originality if placed in the proper context. In fact, the opposite is true. If you write your paper with no references to previous research, you are indicating to the reader that you are not familiar with the research that has already been done, thereby undermining your credibility as an author and the validity of your research. Including references in academic writing is a way of demonstrating your knowledge of pertinent literature about the research problem.
- What should I do if I find that my idea has already been published by another researcher? Acknowledge the other researcher's work by writing in your reference something like this: [see also Smith, 2002]. Do not ignore another author's work because doing so will lead your readers to believe that you have either taken the idea or information without properly referencing it [this is plagiarism] or that you have failed to conduct a thorough review of the literature in your field.
- What should I do if I want to use an adapted version of someone else's work? You still must cite the original work. For example, maybe you are using a table of statistics from a journal article published in 1996 by author Smith, but you have altered or added new data to it. Reference the revised chart as: [adapted from Smith, 1996]. You can also use other terms in order to specify the exact relationship between the source and the version you have presented, such as, based on Smith [1996], summarized from Smith [1996], etc.
- What should I do if several authors have published very similar information or ideas? You can indicate that the idea or information can be found in the work of more than one author, by stating something like: "Though in fact many authors have applied this theory to understanding economic relations among nations [for example, Smith, 1989; Jones, 19991; Johnson, 1994], little work has been done on applying it to understand the actions of non-governmental organizations." If you only reference one author, then your readers may assume that only one author has published on this topic, or, conclude that you have not read the literature thoroughly knowing that others have published research in this area. Referencing multiple authors indicates to your readers a clear idea of the breadth of analysis you conducted about the research problem, not a distorted or incomplete one.
- What if I find exactly what I want to say in the writing of another researcher? It depends on what it is; if someone else has investigated precisely the same research problem as you, then you likely will have to change your topic, or at the very least, find something new to say about what you're researching. However, if it is someone else's particularly succinct expression, but it fits perfectly with what you are trying to say, then you can quote directly, citing the page reference as well as the author and year of publication. Finding someone else who has stated or made the same point that you have is an opportunity to reinforce your own interpretation of the research problem.
How to Cite Other Sources in Your Paper . The Structure, Format, Content, and Style of a Journal-Style Scientific Paper. Department of Biology. Bates College; Lunsford, Andrea A. and Robert Connors; The St. Martin's Handbook. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989; Research and Citation Resources . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Using Evidence. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University.
Citation Research Guides
SHU Library has a collection of Quick Guides to help you cite your sources. They are all available on our Citation Style Guides page.
Listed below are particularly well-done and comprehensive websites that provide specific examples of how to cite sources under different style guidelines.
- Purdue University Online Writing Lab
- University of Wisconsin Writing Center
Automatic Citation Generators
Type in your information and have a citation compiled for you. Note that these are not foolproof systems so it is important that you verify that your citation is correct and check your spelling, capitalization, etc. However, they can be useful in creating basic types of citations, particularly for online sources.
- BibMe -- APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian styles
- DocsCite -- for citing government publications in APA or MLA formats
- EasyBib -- MLA style
- KnightCite -- APA, MLA, and Chicago styles
- Son of Citation Machine -- APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian styles
Most databases provide some kind of automatically generated citations for the major citation styles. Here is a video explaining how to find the citation feature in an EBSCO database.
- Research 911: Citations (printable tutorial)
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Citing Sources
- What Information Should be Cited and Why?
- Intentional & Unintentional Plagiarism
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- APA Style -- 7th edition (2019)
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Why Do We Cite Our Research?
Sources of information are cited in order to give the original authors/creators proper credit for their work and to document where an author heard or read the fact or idea that has been incorporated into a new work. The purpose of citations is to let the reader know where you obtained information so sources can easily be located and consulted.
Because knowledge is a cumulative process built on the research and writing of other researchers, your instructor needs to see the quality of the sources you used and how you developed your ideas.
To get started and to see examples, select the citation style from the dropdown menu on the left.
What Information Should Be Cited and Why?
In general, you must document sources when you provide information that you ordinarily would not have known before conducting your research, and when you provide information that it cannot be assumed the reader knows. You must cite a reference when you:
- Discuss, summarize, or paraphrase the ideas of an author
- Provide a direct quotation
- Use statistical or other data
- Use images, graphics, videos, and other media
While you are doing research and locating sources, be sure to document materials thoroughly, noting the author, title, publisher, place of publication, date, and page numbers of all sources used. For electronic materials, you should also note the DOI number (Digital Object Identifier) if available. Note the URL of any website you consult; depending on the source, you may need it for the reference.
APA style no longer requires a database name for most references; MLA style still requires it as part of your citation. In either case, make a note of it in case you need to retrieve it at a later date.
Common Knowledge
Things that are common knowledge do not require citation. For example:
- Social networking sites such as Facebook allow people to communicate easily regardless of their location. (does not require citation)
- The Japanese navy attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. (does not require citation)
However, if someone draws an original conclusion from a common fact, then you must cite the source:
- The ability to share real-time news and video with the world via social networking sites has emboldened student movements in countries where there is very little freedom of the press. (requires citation)
- Japan's failure to sink any U.S. aircraft carriers in the otherwise devastating attack on Pearl Harbor assured Japan's eventual defeat. (requires citation)
Also, common sayings or proverbs need not be cited:
- "The early bird gets the worm." (common expression with no distinct origin)
Below is a famous saying you might recognize, but it's actually from a poem by Sir Walter Scott. If you read this in a book, of course, you would cite the book. If you already knew this expression, you should still give Sir Walter Scott credit for it because it has a distinct and identifiable origin.
- "Oh, what a tangled web we weave when first we practice to deceive."
Getting started
We understand that citing your sources can be a little confusing, but it doesn't have to be overwhelming. Before you start, ask yourself these questions:
1. What type of source am I trying to cite?
- Journal article? Book? Webpage?
2. Where did I retrieve that source?
- Library database? Website? Was it a print source?
3. What citation style am I supposed to use for my assignment?
Once you've answered these questions, select the most appropriate option from either the APA or MLA dropdown menu on the left to see examples.
Remember, individual help is always available through the Center for Academic Enhancement or email a Holy Family librarian at [email protected]
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- Last Updated: Feb 22, 2023 9:56 AM
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- Research Process
- Find Background Info
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- is the right thing to do to give credit to those who had the idea
- shows that you have read and understand what experts have had to say about your topic
- helps people find the sources that you used in case they want to read more about the topic
- provides evidence for your arguments
- is professional and standard practice for students and scholars
What is a Citation?
A citation identifies for the reader the original source for an idea, information, or image that is referred to in a work.
- In the body of a paper, the in-text citation acknowledges the source of information used.
- At the end of a paper, the citations are compiled on a References or Works Cited list. A basic citation includes the author, title, and publication information of the source.
From: Lemieux Library, University of Seattle
Why Should You Cite?
Quoting Are you quoting two or more consecutive words from a source? Then the original source should be cited and the words or phrase placed in quotes.
Paraphrasing If an idea or information comes from another source, even if you put it in your own words , you still need to credit the source. General vs. Unfamiliar Knowledge You do not need to cite material which is accepted common knowledge. If in doubt whether your information is common knowledge or not, cite it. Formats We usually think of books and articles. However, if you use material from web sites, films, music, graphs, tables, etc. you'll also need to cite these as well.
Plagiarism is presenting the words or ideas of someone else as your own without proper acknowledgment of the source. When you work on a research paper and use supporting material from works by others, it's okay to quote people and use their ideas, but you do need to correctly credit them. Even when you summarize or paraphrase information found in books, articles, or Web pages, you must acknowledge the original author.
Citation Style Help
Helpful links:
- MLA , Works Cited : A Quick Guide (a template of core elements)
- CSE (Council of Science Editors)
For additional writing resources specific to styles listed here visit the Purdue OWL Writing Lab
Citation and Bibliography Resources
- How to Write an Annotated Bibliography
- Zotero Basics
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The land on which we gather is the unceded territory of the Awaswas-speaking Uypi Tribe. The Amah Mutsun Tribal Band, comprised of the descendants of indigenous people taken to missions Santa Cruz and San Juan Bautista during Spanish colonization of the Central Coast, is today working hard to restore traditional stewardship practices on these lands and heal from historical trauma.
The land acknowledgement used at UC Santa Cruz was developed in partnership with the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band Chairman and the Amah Mutsun Relearning Program at the UCSC Arboretum .
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Q. How do I cite in APA format a research report that is not in a journal?
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Answered By: Gabe Gossett Last Updated: Dec 18, 2019 Views: 183849
For details on how to cite technical reports and gray literature look under section 10.4 in the APA Publication Manual (7th Edition), starting on page 329.
Basic reference list format for a print report
Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of Report (Report No. #). Publisher Name.
Basic reference list format for an online report
Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title (Report No. #). DOI or URL
- If there is a name of a person listed as an author, list them as the author for your in-text and reference list citations. When there is not author listed use the organization name as a corporate author.
- If the organization that published the report issued a number be sure to include that in parentheses right after the title.
- Technical and research reports might not be peer-reviewed. If you require peer-reviewed sources use reports with caution.
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Comments (9)
- what do you do if there are multiple authors etc? by student on Jun 01, 2016
- For multiple authors uses the same convention you would use with other citations. List all of the authors by last name and initials using an & symbol. For example: Ramirez, Z. A., Jones, B. C., & Smith, D. C. If no people are listed as authors use the organization as author. by Gabe Gossett on Jun 02, 2016
- How do I cite a research paper with no authors but to organizing parties? There are over one hundred authors. by Unclear on Aug 30, 2016
- If you have a source with seven or more authors you list the first six followed by an ellipses (...) and the last author. Like this (the formatting in this example is off): Lein, E. S., Hawrylycz, M. J., Ao, N., Ayres, M., Bensinger, A., Bernard, A., . . . Jones, A. R. (2007). Genome-wide atlas of gene expression in the adult mouse brain. Nature, 445 (7124), 168-176. doi:10.1038/nature05453 Note: The first six authors are listed; all subsequent authors except the last are omitted and replaced with an ellipsis; then list name of the last author. In-text example: (Lein et al., 2007) As for an example using two organizing parties in addition to the 100+ authors, I'm not sure I understand. If you want more assistance, you can use the chat option (http://askus.library.wwu.edu/) to get direct help. More APA citation examples can be found here: http://libguides.wwu.edu/ld.php?content_id=18901398. by Elizabeth Stephan on Aug 30, 2016
- How about a direct quote? I'm inclined to treat it like a journal- eg (Blah, Blah & Blah, 2020, p.2). ??? by Sandy on Feb 28, 2020
- What about a thesis/ research paper available online as pdf? Should I then include the URL? by Marshia Khan on Jan 24, 2021
- @Marshia: Yes, if you have a URL for a source that is open access (someone using the URL would not need to log into a subscription service) always make sure to include that. by Gabe on Jan 25, 2021
- How to cite an article without publishing journal? by harsha on Mar 23, 2021
- @harsha: When information for a citation component does not exist you omit that part and may describe the source in square brackets. Table 9.1 on page 284 of the Manual is helpful for examples, if you have a copy on hand. by Gabe Gossett on Mar 30, 2021
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How To Cite A Research Paper: Creating Well-Formatted Citations In Your Writing
20 Aug 2021
Quick Navigation
How to use citations in a paper.
How To Cite A Research Paper In Various Formats Properly?
Chicago Style
Turabian style.
To write a good research paper, you need to incorporate sources. This means that you have to be familiar with how to format the sources in your academic paper. A citation is the use of someone else’s thought with reference to the author. Knowing how to cite a research paper prevents you from stealing others’ works and plagiarizing. As there are different formats of academic papers, as well as various types of sources, you need to know how to cite them correctly. Keep reading to learn more about how to create citations in your research paper.
What are the most popular types of sources in a research paper? Although you can buy college research paper , you still need to know how to cite a research work properly. Each of the sources you use has particular features that affect how you quote a research paper. Here are some of the most frequently used types of sources:
- Research papers
- Scientific journals and articles
- Web references
- Books and their chapters
When you think of how to cite a scholarly article or cite a scientific paper, keep in mind that research papers and scientific journal articles can be very helpful and informative. However, remember that only a peer-reviewed academic article should be included in a paper. Using books shouldn’t be challenging if you learn how to cite literature well.
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Web sources, in turn, require you to be careful because information must be credible. Therefore, stay away from blogs and independent encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia. The same with magazines and documents: ensure that the information is valid when you’re going to quote a paper. For all sources, you use and cite in your research paper, check whether they were published within 5 recent years.
How To Cite A Research Paper In Various Formats Properly?
When you start to make a bibliography, you need to know how to make citations. A number of formats have been developed for you and for your colleagues around the world for convenience, accuracy, and to standardize the publication process by reputable European and American institutions.
APA stands for American Psychological Association, and the formatting style was first introduced in 1929 by a number of psychologists, businessmen, and anthropologists so there would be some rules for scientific writing that would help others read and understand text better. When you need to cite a paper in APA style, start with the last name of the author and the first letter of their first name. Then, include the year of publication and the name of the work. After that, add other information depending on the type of reference.
It consists of conventions, which ensure readers understand presented material, and it makes documentation in different fields easier. This editorial style includes:
- selection of headings, tone, and length;
- punctuation and abbreviations;
- presentation of numbers and statistics;
- construction of tables and figures;
- citation and references, etc.
As a result, many universities require students to use this style of formatting, and undergraduates start wondering about how to cite an APA style paper.
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Short quotations in APA research papers
Apart from writing a title page in APA format , you should also know how to use short quotations and how to cite text in paper APA style. This helps prove your point or include some additional information. Short quotations are usually no longer than 40 words. The best way to include them in your text is to use introductory words and phrases that provide some context and are surrounded by a paragraph. A quotation should be inserted between quotation marks. The author’s details about a quotation should be placed before it in a signal phrase:
However, Jones (1950) points out, “knowledge is a value” (p. 236).
You can also place all the details afterward:
However, it was pointed out, “knowledge is a value” (Jones, 1950, p.236).
Long quotations in APA style
Long quotations are more than 40 words and are also called block quotations. Their usage has a set of unique rules:
- long quotations are not surrounded by quotation marks;
- they start from their own line;
- the long quotation is indented 0.5 inches and has double spacing as a new paragraph;
- the ending citation is included after the last line of long quotation, and the punctuation goes before the citation.
Look at the example of a long quotation below. She explained by saying that
Macs are often the best option for users who wish to work with video or picture manipulation. Macs are also very user-friendly, which may benefit consumers who are new to computers. PCs, however, run Microsoft Office Suite the best. (Oyler, 2010, p. 48)
How to Cite Authors in APA paper?
You may be wondering how to cite in APA style paper. Most of the time, citing authors in your essay is an easy task if you already know how to create a research paper outline APA . Overall, the information includes the author’s surname, year of publication, and a page number if it’s a direct citation. You need to use an in-text citation meaning it usually appears before the period and has other rules. If the name of the author is not included in the sentence, state their name after it. Work that includes two writers needs an in-text citation with both their names, separated by an ampersand. In case there are three or more authors, include all of them in the beginning citation, separated by commas and the final two by an ampersand. For all later in-text citations use only the first author, followed by “et al.” and the year of publication.
Main Tips How Cite different sources in APA paper?
Main points to include while citing sources in a paper are the writer's name and initials, the title of the work, and year published. You can find more detailed structures below. It may be challenging to cope with the challenge of how to cite text in a paper APA style. If you need help with citation or title page, you can visit online citation generators or buy an apa research paper .
- Scientific Journals and Articles
Sample, J. (2017). Title of the Article. Title of Journal , 5 (6), 5-12. doi: 10.1111/bc.111111
(5 – journal volume, 6 – journal issue, 5-12 – journal pages)
Sample, J. (2018). Custom Essay Writing Service Online of High Quality. Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/
Sample, J. (2016). Title of the Book (3rd ed.). London: Publisher.
Sample, J. (2017). Title of the Article. Title of Magazine , (5).
(5 – magazine issue)
Sample, J. (2017). Title of the Document [PDF]. New York: Publisher. Retrieved from http://link.com
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Writing citations in MLA is quite simple since you include a full name of the author and then the title of the work.
Sample, James. "Name of the Article". Name of Journal , vol 5, no. 6, 2017, pp. 5-12., doi:10.1111/bc.111111. Accessed 20 Apr 2019.
Sample, James. "Custom Essay Writing Service Online of High Quality". Papersowl.Com , 2018, https://papersowl.com/. Accessed 20 Apr 2019.
Sample, James. Name of the Book . 3rd ed., Publisher, 2016.
Sample, James. "Name of the Article". Name o f Magazine , 2017, Accessed 20 Apr 2019.
Sample, James. Name of the Document . Publisher, 2017, http://link.com. Accessed 20 Apr 2019.
To learn how to cite a paper in Chicago, look at it as a combination of MLA and APA styles: write the author’s name as in MLA style and add the publication date similarly to APA referencing.
Sample, James. 2017. "Name of the Article". Name of Journal 5 (6): 5-12. doi:10.1111/bc.111111.
Sample, James. 2018. "Custom Essay Writing Service Online of High Quality". Papersowl.Com . https://papersowl.com/.
Sample, James. 2016. Name of the Book . 3rd ed. London: Publisher.
Sample, James. 2017. "Name of the Article". Name of Magazine , 2017.
Sample, James. 2017. Name of the Document . PDF. New York: Publisher. http://link.com.
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Citing sources in a paper according to the Turabian formatting is similar to the MLA style references. You include the author’s full name and the name of the work in brackets.
Sample, James. "Title of the Article". Title of Journal 5, no. 6 (2017): 5-12. doi:10.1111/bc.111111.
Sample, James. "Custom Essay Writing Service Online of High Quality". Papersowl.Com, Last modified 2018. https://papersowl.com/.
Sample, James. Title of the Book . 3rd ed. London: Publisher, 2016.
Sample, James. "Title of the Article". Title of Magazine , 2017.
Sample, James. Title of the Document . Ebook. New York: Publisher, 2017. http://link.com.
Citing research papers in ASA style is similar to Chicago style referencing.
Sample, James. 2017. "Name of the Article." Name of Journal 5(6):5-12.
Sample, James. 2018. "Custom Essay Writing Service Online of High Quality." Papersowl.com . Retrieved April 20, 2019 (https://papersowl.com/).
Sample, James. 2016. Name of the Book . 3rd ed. London: Publisher.
Sample, James. 2017. "Name of the Article." Name of Magazine .
Sample, James. 2017. Nam e of the Document . New York: Publisher. Retrieved April 20, 2019 (http://link.com).
Citing a referencing paper may be a long process since you have to format different types of sources according to a particular referencing style. To make things easier and cite sources properly, use online citation generators . As a result, you’ll receive a full bibliography in the style you need.
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COMMENTS
To make an acknowledgement in a research paper, a writer should express thanks by using the full or professional names of the people being thanked and should specify exactly how the people being acknowledged helped.
Writing a research paper is a bit more difficult that a standard high school essay. You need to site sources, use academic data and show scientific examples. Before beginning, you’ll need guidelines for how to write a research paper.
The title of a research paper should outline the purpose of the research, the methods used and the overall tone of the paper. The title is important because it is the first thing that is read. It is important that the title is focused, but ...
When citing works outside the peer-reviewed academic literature, give a description of the work in square brackets after the title but before
How to Cite a Research Paper in Each Research Paper Format · Author, A.A.. (Year of Publication). The Title of work. Publisher City, State:
1. Name of Author(s) · 2. Year of Publication · 3. Full Title of Article.
To cite a paper APA style, start with the author's last name and first initial, and the year of publication. Then, list the title of the paper
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
Research documentation usually appears in two parts: short in-text citations occurring within the actual paper and a longer, complete list
A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your research
While you are doing research and locating sources, be sure to document materials thoroughly, noting the author, title, publisher, place of
In the body of a paper, the in-text citation acknowledges the source of information used. · At the end of a paper, the citations are compiled on a References or
Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of Report (Report No. #). Publisher Name. Basic reference list format for an online report. Author Last Name
When you need to cite a paper in APA style, start with the last name of the author and the first letter of their first name. Then, include the