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electromagnetic spectrum

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electromagnetic spectrum , the entire distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to frequency or wavelength . Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, they do so at a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies. The electromagnetic spectrum comprises the span of all electromagnetic radiation and consists of many subranges, commonly referred to as portions, such as visible light or ultraviolet radiation. The various portions bear different names based on differences in behaviour in the emission, transmission, and absorption of the corresponding waves and also based on their different practical applications. There are no precise accepted boundaries between any of these contiguous portions, so the ranges tend to overlap.

The entire electromagnetic spectrum, from the lowest to the highest frequency (longest to shortest wavelength), includes all radio waves (e.g., commercial radio and television , microwaves , radar ), infrared radiation , visible light , ultraviolet radiation , X-rays , and gamma rays . Nearly all frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation can be used for spectroscopy .

United States Spectrum Allocation Chart

Radio Inquiry Unit – Featured Source 1E

2016 chart represents a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the United States, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA).

This chart portrays the frequency allocations in the electromagnetic spectrum for different purposes as specified by United States government. The Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation Chart is the first and broadest level technical document to consult when planning uses for spectrum allocations in that nation’s borders.

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Federal Communications Commission

Table of Frequency Allocations Chart

The FCC's Table of Frequency Allocations consists of the International Table of Frequency Allocations ("International Table") and the United States Table of Frequency Allocations ("United States Table"). The FCC's Table of Frequency Allocations is codified at Section 2.106 of the Commission's Rules.

For the allocation of frequencies the ITU has divided the world into three Regions. Click here to view a PDF map of the three Regions .

The general rules for reading the Table are:

Primary services are printed in "capitals;" e.g. , FIXED.

Shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date;

Cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at a later date; and

Can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date.

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National Telecommunications and Information Administration

United states department of commerce, united states frequency allocation chart.

A printed version of the most recent version of the United States Frequency Allocations: The Radio Spectrum Chart (published in January 2016 from data as of September 2015) is available from the U. S. Government Publishing Office at a cost of $6.00 per copy.

You can order a copy of the chart (approximately 36” x 48”) directly from the GPO at the following link: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/003-000-00695-6 . Note that the charts are printed on an “on demand“ basis.

The United States Frequency Allocation Chart is provided here as a Portable Document Format (*.pdf) file:

U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart as of January 2016

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https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications/spectrum-crunch

Advanced communications

The spectrum crunch.

United States Frequency Allocations

They were first called “Hertzian waves,” a nod to their discoverer, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who in the 1880s demonstrated the existence of what we now know as radio waves. By 1901, Guglielmo Marconi was experimenting with the transmission of Morse code from Cornwall, England to St. Johns, Canada. He was, at the time, one of the rare users of the vast shared commons known as the electromagnetic spectrum. While Marconi never quite answered the question of over what frequency he broadcast that code, 500 kilohertz is a good guess. It didn’t particularly matter. He could have bounced from 500 kHz to 900 kHz, or even 2,000 times that, up to 1.8 gigahertz. His cow, so to speak, was the only animal in the commons . How things have changed. Today, in the United States, the band from 495 kHz to 505 kHz is reserved for mobile distress and calling. The 505 kHz to 510 kHz band goes to maritime mobile; from 510 kHz to 525 kHz, it’s maritime mobile and aeronautical navigation. AM radio resides in the 535 kHz-to-1605 kHz band. And so it goes, the commons crammed shoulder-to-shoulder through frequencies more than 500,000 times higher. Users have proliferated beyond Marconi’s wildest dreams, from spacecraft to smartphones to machines talking to other machines. The efficient, productive use of spectrum has become a growing national priority. In a 2010 memorandum President Obama said, “America's future competitiveness and global technology leadership depend, in part, upon the availability of additional spectrum. The world is going wireless, and we must not fall behind.” He described the wireless broadband revolution as “the next transformation in information technology,” one that would “trigger the creation of innovative new businesses, provide cost-effective connections in rural areas, increase productivity, improve public safety, and allow for the development of mobile telemedicine, telework, distance learning, and other new applications that will transform Americans' lives.” He underscored the importance of spectrum for current and future governmental activities, including emergency communications, national security, law enforcement, aviation, maritime, and space communications, among others. All this demand has created a spectrum crunch, and one that, without decisive action, will only get worse: a major wireless hardware provider has predicted that global mobile data traffic will increase ten times from 2014 to 2019, a compound annual growth rate of 57 percent. The estimated 7.4 billion mobile-connected devices now exceed the number of people on Earth, and those devices continue to proliferate. Such projections are already being reflected in the market. A U.S. government auction that wrapped up in January 2015 sold licenses for 1,611 bundles of spectrum in the band surrounding 1.8 GHz for more than $40 billion. Major wireless telecoms were the big buyers, and they spent four times what the U.S. Federal Communications Commission, which ran the auction, had anticipated. As a way of explanation, the FCC chairman paraphrased Will Rogers: “I’m putting all my money in land, because I understand they ain’t making it no more.” Yet it’s expected to be years before all that precious spectrum frees up so the companies can use it. That’s because the frequencies in question, technically known as the AWS-3 band, have been used by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The military uses it in such areas as missile guidance systems and drone training programs. They won’t be vacating until they’re sure their operations can continue without interference from commercial users. NIST’s Communications Technology Laboratory (CTL) is working to provide the measurement science to help the DoD with this transition. More broadly, the spectrum crunch is a driving force behind all CTL programs. Accommodating future wireless-demand growth will take creativity, technological sophistication, and collaboration among government and civilian entities to maximize our collective use of finite radio waves. There are two main ways of unlocking spectrum capacity. One is to develop systems smart enough to allow increasing numbers of users to share the same frequency bands . Another is to build the foundations for next-generation wireless systems , known as 5G that more effectively use spectrum. While still in the conceptual stages, 5G wireless will use combinations of handset-to-handset and traditional handset-to-tower communications, short-range/high-density cells, directional antennas, and new frequencies far higher than those commonly employed by today’s 4G LTE networks, among other strategies. NIST’s CTL is playing a vital role in enabling all this. The lab is working on multiple fronts to develop measurements, tests and standards for antennas and communications systems that are intelligent, fast and nimble enough to support spectrum sharing, next-generation 5G wireless, and other means of ensuring the best and highest uses of the electromagnetic commons, now and in the future.

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Canadian table of frequency allocations.

Updated: April 2018

The Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations assigns the electromagnetic spectrum and establishes the frequency allocations available for radio services in Canada.

The Canadian Table is based on the provisions of the Final Acts resulting from the various World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRC) , which are convened by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) .

The spectrum allocation chart provides a graphic representation of Canadian electromagnetic spectrum allocations. (PDF version, 2.5 MB, 1 page) NOTE: This chart is no longer available in paper format.

Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (August 2017)

Gazette Notice SMSE-005-17

Comments received

Gazette Notice SMSE-007-18

Decision on Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations

Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (June 2013)

Gazette Notice SMSE-004-13 (June 2013)

— Comments Received (September 2013)

Gazette Notice DGTP -014-09 — Announcement of Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (December 2009)

Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations 2009 (May 2009)

Gazette Notice DGTP-003-09 — Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (2009 Edition) (May 2009)

Gazette Notice DGTP-009-09 — Extension to the Comment Period (July 2009)

— Comments Received (September 2009)

Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations 2005 (Amended January 2006 and February 2007)

Gazette Notice DGTP-002-05 — Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (May 2005)

Gazette Notice DGTP-012-04 — Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (December 2004)

— Comments Received (February 2005)

Gazette Notice DGTP-003-04 — Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (February 2004)

Gazette Notice DGTP-002-02 — Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations Consequential to the 2000 World Radiocommunication Conference Decisions (April 2002)

— Comments Received (June 2002)

Gazette Notice DGTP-010-00 — Announcement of Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (December 2000)

Gazette Notice DGTP-008-00 — Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (July 2000)

— Comments Received (September 2000)

Gazette Notice DGTP-020-98 — Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (November 1998)

Gazette Notice DGTP-003-97 — Proposed Revisions to the Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (February 1997)

Committed to connecting the world

ITU-R: Managing the radio-frequency spectrum for the world

With the steady expansion of wireless services worldwide, all services relying on radio waves are competing for a share of the radio-frequency spectrum to support new applications, growing user numbers, and exploding traffic. The importance and relevance of ITU-R's work is hence increasing every day.

ITU-R activities include four main areas:

1. Establishment and updating of international regulations on the use of radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits

Radio Regulations (RR)

The foundation of international frequency management is the Radio Regulations (RR), the binding international treaty that determines how the radio frequency spectrum is shared between different services, including space services. Covering terrestrial fixed and mobile radio services, satellite-based services, sound and video broadcasting, radionavigation, meteorological tracking and forecasting, space research and Earth exploration, as well as amateur radio, the RR encompasses over 2300 pages of texts and charts that specify how equipment and systems must operate to ensure successful coexistence of services in today's increasingly crowded airwaves.

World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs)

ITU-R reviews and updates the RR through World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs), which meet every four years for a period of four weeks. WRC-19 was held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, and welcomed over 3'400 delegates, representing 163 out of ITU's 193 Members States, along with representatives from among ITU's 6 00+ private sector members and 150 international and regional organization members.

WRCs review the way specific portions of the radio spectrum are allocated, along with procedures for coordinating, notifying and recording of frequency assignments and Plan modifications. WRCs bring together governments to negotiate and agree on the relevant modifications to the RR, typically to allow for the introduction of new radio services and systems.

Preparations for WRCs involve extensive studies and preparatory discussions among all stakeholders (government regulators, and public and private sector users of spectrum, as well as their equipment suppliers) at the national, regional, and worldwide levels. Many of these stakeholders also serve as members of national delegations at the conference itself. This multi-stakeholder approach ensures consensus so the RRs provide a stable, predictable, and universally applied regulatory environment that secures the trillions of dollars of long-term investments of radio systems.

The agenda of a WRC includes the review and update of the global technical, operational, and regulatory provisions that govern the use of the radio-frequency spectrum for terrestrial and satellite applications. In conducting its activities, the conference attempts to cast a proper balance:

Radio Regulations Board (RRB)

The international regulations on spectrum, as adopted by WRCs through a revision of the RR, are complemented by Rules of Procedure (RoPs), which clarify the way in which the provisions of the RR are to be applied. These RoPs are adopted by the Radio Regulations Board (RRB), which consists of 12 elected members selected for their qualification, experience, and regional representation.

2. Implementation and application of international regulations on the use of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits

The RR contain several regulatory provisions and procedures which describe how the administrations from the 193 ITU Member States may acquire and exercise rights to use spectrum in the various frequency bands allocated for this purpose, and the corresponding obligations. These rights and obligations may then be transferred to the operators of each specific radiocommunication station through a license delivered by or on behalf of the government of the corresponding country.

Administrations apply these provisions and procedures daily, in close interaction with BR.

International Frequency database

A key element of international frequency management is the Master International Frequency Register (MIFR). The MIFR is a database which contains the spectrum characteristics (“frequency assignments") of the radio stations in operation throughout the world and confers to these stations international recognition and protection against interference. This database is managed by BR and currently contains 2.6 million frequency assignments for terrestrial services and over 200 000 are added every year. For space services, more than 1.1 million of assigned frequencies are contained in this database. In addition, about 350 000 assigned frequencies for the broadcasting-satellite service and 25 000 allotted frequencies for the fixed-satellite service are planned for future uses.

The procedures specified by the RR to record new frequency assignments in the MIFR are designed to ensure that every new spectrum usage in a particular geographical location is compatible with the ones previously received. In many cases, coordination between the administrations and operators involved is necessary to ensure this compatibility.

Application of these procedures ensures an interference-controlled environment for both terrestrial and satellite systems and guarantees equitable access to use of the resources of the frequency spectrum and geostationary-satellite orbit.

BR regularly reviews the content of the MIFR to ensure that it is consistent with actual use. It publishes the list of maritime and coast radio stations, which is a key element in ensuring safety of life at sea. It also provides assistance to administrations in applying these procedures and in resolving cases of harmful interference, which currently concerns 1 in 5 000 assignments.

When situations arise of disagreement between administrations or between administrations and the Radiocommunication Bureau, the RRB may consider the issue, although decisions by the RRB may be appealed to the next WRC.

3. Establishment and updating of worldwide recommendations, reports, and handbooks for the most efficient use of the radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbits, including best practices on national spectrum management activities

Worldwide technical standards

ITU-R also plays a central role in developing global standards for radio-based telecommunications systems, including terrestrial and space systems, as well as best practices on national spectrum management activities. The worldwide technical standards (ITU-R Recommendations) are developed within the six Study Groups of ITU-R, which gather experts drawn from government, industry, academia, and regional and international organizations, who collaborate in establishing the characteristics of the systems and services that will define tomorrow's wireless landscape.

ITU-R follows closely the increasing levels of radio-frequency noise in the environment and the consequential increase in instances of electromagnetic interference on several radiocommunication services. ITU‑R alerts regularly and collaborates with the concerned standardization organizations towards the monitoring and possible reduction of the above-mentioned phenomena. Another important role of ITU-R Study Groups is to conduct the technical, economic, regulatory, and operational studies in preparation and in support of WRC decisions.

In 2020, ITU-R finalized the detailed specifications for the radio interface of “IMT for 2020 and beyond", paving the way for 5G mobile broadband connected society. These specifications support their operation in any of the frequency bands that has been identified for IMT by various WRCs.

ITU-R Study Groups

The ITU-R Study Groups undertake studies and develop the technical bases for decisions to be taken at World Radiocommunication Conferences (WRCs), as well as develop international standards (ITU-R Recommendations) on radiocommunication matters. Generally, ITU-R recommendations are of a voluntary nature. However, a WRC may decide to incorporate by reference into the Radio Regulations, in part or wholly, specific ITU-R Recommendations, making their application mandatory.

ITU R Study Groups are established and assigned Study Questions by a Radiocommunication Assembly to prepare draft Recommendations, Reports and Handbooks etc. for approval by ITU Member States. Each Study Group can establish Working Parties (WPs) and Task Groups (TGs), to address the various subjects within their mandate. At present, there are six Study Groups (SGs):

More than 5 000 specialists, from administrations, specialized agencies, the whole telecommunication industry, and academic organizations participate in the work of the Study Groups on topics such as efficient management and use of the spectrum/orbit resource, radio systems characteristics and performance, spectrum monitoring and emergency radiocommunications for public protection and disaster relief, etc.

ITU-R Recommendations are good for business, for governmental operations and for the scientific community – driving economies of scale and economic development, supporting essential safety of life services, particularly safety at sea; enabling electronic news gathering and distribution; tracking aircraft and providing for air traffic control; enabling weather forecasting; providing for space travel and exploration etc. They are also essential to the proper and spectrally efficient functioning of all radio equipment in an environment where virtually everyone is now using spectrum resources.

4. Information and assistance to ITU-R membership in radiocommunication matters

To inform and help its membership adapt to the results of its activities in adopting international regulations, global standards and best practices on spectrum use, ITU-R also regularly holds seminars, workshops, and symposia .

These address a range of issues, currently ranging from broadband and mobile applications, transition to digital television and allocation of the digital dividend, efficient use of the spectrum/orbit resources, and emerging spectrum management techniques.

This activity is also part of ITU's efforts to promote at all levels the creation of an enabling environment for the development of a sustainable and efficient use of spectrum at the most affordable price in all regions of the world.

Looking ahead to WRC‑23

The WRC‑19 established the draft agenda for WRC‑23 and preliminary agenda for the WRC-27. This sets the stage for the development of future technologies and guides the work of ITU–R during the next four-year study cycle:

The draft agenda for WRC ‑ 23

These address a range of issues, currently ranging from broadband and mobile applications, transition to digital television and allocation of the digital dividend, WRC preparations, efficient use of the spectrum/orbit resources, emerging spectrum management techniques, like Dynamic Spectrum Access and cognitive radio.

Thematic backgrounders

Itu governance backgrounders.

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COMMENTS

Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum covers electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from below one hertz to above 10 25 hertz, corresponding to wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atomic nucleus.
Frequency allocation
Frequency allocation (or spectrum allocation or spectrum management) is the allocation and regulation of the electromagnetic spectrum into radio frequency bands, normally done by governments in most countries. [1]
Radio Spectrum Allocation
The radio spectrum is the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the United States, regulatory responsibility for the radio spectrum is divided between the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC) and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ).
Electromagnetic spectrum
electromagnetic spectrum, the entire distribution of electromagnetic radiation according to frequency or wavelength. Although all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, they do so at a wide range of frequencies, wavelengths, and photon energies.
United States Spectrum Allocation Chart
This chart portrays the frequency allocations in the electromagnetic spectrum for different purposes as specified by United States government. The Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation Chart is the first and broadest level technical document to consult when planning uses for spectrum allocations in that nation's borders. Visit Source Download PDF
Table of Frequency Allocations Chart
The FCC's Table of Frequency Allocations consists of the International Table of Frequency Allocations ("International Table") and the United States Table of Frequency Allocations ("United States Table"). The FCC's Table of Frequency Allocations is codified at Section 2.106 of the Commission's Rules.
United States Frequency Allocation Chart
United States Frequency Allocation Chart A printed version of the most recent version of the United States Frequency Allocations: The Radio Spectrum Chart (published in January 2016 from data as of September 2015) is available from the U. S. Government Publishing Office at a cost of $6.00 per copy.
PDF U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart
THE RADIO SPECTRUM NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE ... MARITIME MOBILE STANDARD FREQUENCY & TIME SIG Space Research NAL (20,000 KHZ) MET. SAT. (S-E) MOB. SAT. (S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) ... This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the ...
PDF Army Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Army Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum . History. Committee m. This publication is a major revi- ... Access to Non-Government Frequency Bands, Use of Spectrum-Dependent Commercial Off-the-Shelf Systems, Terrestrial Radio, Satellite Systems, Unmanned Vehicles, and Electronic Attack Opera- ... allocation, allotment, and assignment missions that ...
Spectrum Sharing
Spectrum sharing is a way to optimize the use of the airwaves, or wireless communications channels, by enabling multiple categories of users to safely share the same frequency bands. Spectrum sharing is necessary because growing demand is crowding the airwaves. Smartphones, the Internet of Things, military and public safety radios, wearable ...
Electromagnetic Spectrum Regulation
Spectrum allocation is a distribution of frequencies to radio services. An allocation designates the use of a given frequency band for use by one or more radio communication services. National and international tables of frequency allocations contain lists of these frequency band designations.
Spectrum Management
DoDI 4650.01, Policy and Procedures for Management and Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum DD Form 1494, Application for Equipment Frequency Allocation MIL-STD-461, Requirements for Control of Electromagnetic Interference Characteristics of Subsystems and Equipment MIL-STD-464, Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Requirements for Systems
What are the spectrum band designators and bandwidths?
Frequencies as designated by the International Telecommunications Union 3 Hz-30 Hz Wavelength: 10^8m-10^7m Band: Extremely low frequency (ELF) 30 Hz-300 Hz Wavelength: 10^7m-10^6m Band: Super low frequency (SLF) 300 Hz-3 kHz Wavelength: 10^6m-10^5m Band: Ultra low frequency (ULF) 300 Hz-3 kHz Wavelength: 10^6m-10^5m Band: Ultra low frequency (ULF)
The Spectrum Crunch
United States Frequency Allocations. They were first called "Hertzian waves," a nod to their discoverer, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, who in the 1880s demonstrated the existence of what we now know as radio waves. ... He was, at the time, one of the rare users of the vast shared commons known as the electromagnetic spectrum. commons. How things ...
Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations
Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations Updated: April 2018 The Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations assigns the electromagnetic spectrum and establishes the frequency allocations available for radio services in Canada.
ITU-R: Managing the radio-frequency spectrum for the world
Mobile service within Region 1: consider additional primary allocation of the band 3600-3800 MHz. High altitude platform stations as IMT base stations (HIBS): consider the use HIBS in the mobile service in certain frequency bands already identified for IMT.